Current Opinion in Immunology
Volume 28,   In Progress   (June 2014)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09527915

Challenges and responses in human vaccine development
Stefan HE Kaufmann1, M Juliana McElrath2, David JM Lewis3, Giuseppe Del Giudice4

Highlights
:: Reverse, structural and synthetic vaccinology to accelerate novel vaccine design.
:: Systems analysis of multiparametric data to predict reactogenicity and efficacy.
:: Current pipeline for major infectious diseases promises partially effective vaccines.
:: Vaccine trials can be harnessed for further vaccine improvement.
:: Concerns of use of adenovirus vectors in persons at risk for HIV infection.

Abstract
Human vaccine development remains challenging because of the highly sophisticated evasion mechanisms of pathogens for which vaccines are not yet available. Recent years have witnessed both successes and failures of novel vaccine design and the strength of iterative approaches is increasingly appreciated. These combine discovery of novel antigens, adjuvants and vectors in the preclinical stage with computational analyses of clinical data to accelerate vaccine design. Reverse and structural vaccinology have revealed novel antigen candidates and molecular immunology has led to the formulation of promising adjuvants. Gene expression profiles and immune parameters in patients, vaccinees and healthy controls have formed the basis for biosignatures that will provide guidelines for future vaccine design.