American Journal of Preventive Medicine
May 2016 Volume 50, Issue 5, p553-676, e123-e162
http://www.ajpmonline.org/current

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Research Articles
Childhood Adversity and Adult Reports of Food Insecurity Among Households With Children
Jing Sun, Molly Knowles, Falguni Patel, Deborah A. Frank, Timothy C. Heeren, Mariana Chilton
p561–572
Published online: November 16 2015
Open Access
Preview
Exposure to childhood adversity, including abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction, is associated with negative long-term health and economic outcomes. Little is known about how adversity exposure in parents’ early lives may be related to later food insecurity for parents and their children. This study investigated the association between female caregivers’ adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and household and child food insecurity, taking into account depressive symptoms.
Abstract
Introduction
Exposure to childhood adversity, including abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction, is associated with negative long-term health and economic outcomes. Little is known about how adversity exposure in parents’ early lives may be related to later food insecurity for parents and their children. This study investigated the association between female caregivers’ adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and household and child food insecurity, taking into account depressive symptoms.
Methods
This study used cross-sectional data from 1,255 female caregivers of children aged 7.1% higher than IIV, but never cost saving when absolute LAIV effectiveness was <3.5% higher than IIV.
Conclusions
Results support CDC’s decision to no longer prefer LAIV use and provide guidance on effectiveness differences between influenza vaccines that might lead to preferential LAIV recommendation for children aged 2–8 years.

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National and State-Specific Td and Tdap Vaccination of Adult Populations
Peng-jun Lu, Alissa O’Halloran, Helen Ding, Jennifer L. Liang, Walter W. Williams
p616–626
Published online: November 21 2015
Preview
The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends a single dose of tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) for adults followed by tetanus and diphtheria toxoids (Td) booster doses every 10 years thereafter. This study assessed recent Td and Tdap vaccination among adult populations.

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State Law and Standing Orders for Immunization Services
Alexandra M. Stewart, Megan C. Lindley, Marisa A. Cox
e133–e142
Published online: December 1 2015
Abstract
Introduction
This study determined whether state laws permit the implementation of standing orders programs (SOPs) for immunization practice. SOPs are an effective strategy to increase uptake of vaccines. Successful SOPs require a legal foundation authorizing delegation of immunization services performed by a wide range of providers, administered to broad patient populations, in several settings. Without legal permission to administer vaccines, non-physician health professionals (NPHPs) are unable to provide preventive services.
Methods
From 2012 through 2013, researchers analyzed the legal environment in 50 states and the District of Columbia to determine whether NPHPs are authorized to (1) assess patient immunization status; (2) prescribe vaccines; and (3) administer vaccines under their own practice license or delegated authority. Laws governing the following NPHPs were included: (1) medical assistants; (2) midwives; (3) nurses in advanced practice; (4) registered, practical, and vocational nurses; (5) physician assistants; and (6) pharmacists. Additionally, the review determined which vaccines may be administered, permissible patient populations, and allowable practice settings for each category of NPHP.
Results
The laws are highly variable, and no state authorizes all NPHPs to conduct all elements of immunization practice for all patients. The laws frequently indicate where NPHPs may or may not administer vaccines and outline permissible vaccines, eligible patients, and required level of supervision.
Conclusions
The variation in the laws could potentially present a challenge to successful implementation of public health goals to improve immunization rates. Expanded authorization of SOPs in all states could increase health practitioners’ ability to deliver recommended vaccines.