PLoS Pathogens
http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/
(Accessed 21 May 2016)

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Pearls
Immunizing against Anogenital Cancer: HPV Vaccines
Cloe S. Pogoda, Richard B. S. Roden, Robert L. Garcea
| published 19 May 2016 | PLOS Pathogens
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005587
… Future Outlook
Vaccines have remarkable potential to prevent cancers that are related to infectious agents (e.g., HPV and Hepatitis B). While the latest HPV vaccine offers protection against up to 90% of cervical cancer, next generation vaccines will potentially offer broader protection and be more practical for universal implementation. Hopefully, they will address the issues of cost by using alternative production systems, fewer but more cross-protective antigens (L1 or L2), and suitability for manufacture in the regions where the vaccines will be delivered. By utilizing techniques such as lyophilization, these new vaccines may be shipped and stored without refrigeration. New delivery methods, such as nanoparticle platforms, have the potential to eliminate the need for multiple doses through timed-release technology [20]. More stable formulations also create the potential for aerosol or patch deliverable vaccines to eliminate the need for needles. Second generation vaccines may even have therapeutic properties that treat existing HPV infections. These factors may alter the current guidelines regarding when and to which populations vaccines should be administered. As current vaccines are administered, it will be important to monitor if an increase of non-targeted hrHPV genotypes occur. This potential viral replacement may dictate that second generation vaccines must immunize against different strains or be more broadly effective. As the current and second generation vaccines continue to evolve and are used by a greater fraction of the global population, we look forward to seeing the decreasing rates of anogenital (and likely oropharyngeal) cancers and deaths due to HPV infection.