The Equitable Distribution of COVID-19 Therapeutics and Vaccines

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JAMA
Online First

 

COVID-19: Beyond Tomorrow
The Equitable Distribution of COVID-19 Therapeutics and Vaccines
Thomas J. Bollyky, JD; Lawrence O. Gostin, JD; Margaret A. Hamburg, MD
free access has active quiz
JAMA. Published online May 7, 2020. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6641
This Viewpoint proposes a framework for international cooperation among governments and organizations to replace competition and hoarding with equitable global distribution of COVID-19 therapeutics and vaccines as they are developed.

The Ethics of Disclosing Diagnostic ErrorsWhat Is the Researcher’s Duty?

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JAMA Pediatrics
May 2020, Vol 174, No. 5, Pages 401-512
http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/issue.aspx

 

Viewpoint
The Ethics of Disclosing Diagnostic ErrorsWhat Is the Researcher’s Duty?
Grant J. Shafer, MD; Frank X. Placencia, MD, MS
JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(5):405-406. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0031
This Viewpoint reviews the current literature on the ethics of disclosing diagnostic errors and proposes a framework to guide researchers.

Literacy as a Distinct Developmental Domain in Children

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JAMA Pediatrics
May 2020, Vol 174, No. 5, Pages 401-512
http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/issue.aspx

 

Literacy as a Distinct Developmental Domain in Children
Perri Klass, MD; John S. Hutton, MD; Thomas G. DeWitt, MD
JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(5):407-408. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0059
This Viewpoint characterizes literacy as a unique domain of child development separate from spoken language acquisition that can be promoted and monitored through early pediatric primary care intervention.

Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study

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Lancet Respiratory Medicine
May 2020 Volume 8 Number 5 p423-526, e27-e42
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/issue/current

 

Articles
Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study
Xiaobo Yang, et al.

Planning and provision of ECMO services for severe ARDS during the COVID-19 pandemic and other outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases

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Lancet Respiratory Medicine
May 2020 Volume 8 Number 5 p423-526, e27-e42
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/issue/current

 

Health-care Development
Planning and provision of ECMO services for severe ARDS during the COVID-19 pandemic and other outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases
Kollengode Ramanathan, et al.

Childhood vaccines and antibiotic use in low- and middle-income countries

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Nature
Volume 581 Issue 7806, 7 May 2020
http://www.nature.com/nature/current_issue.html

 

Article | 29 April 2020 | Open Access
Childhood vaccines and antibiotic use in low- and middle-income countries
Joseph A. Lewnard, Nathan C. Lo[…] & Ramanan Laxminarayan
Abstract
Vaccines may reduce the burden of antimicrobial resistance, in part by preventing infections for which treatment often includes the use of antibiotics1,2,3,4. However, the effects of vaccination on antibiotic consumption remain poorly understood—especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where the burden of antimicrobial resistance is greatest5. Here we show that vaccines that have recently been implemented in the World Health Organization’s Expanded Programme on Immunization reduce antibiotic consumption substantially among children under five years of age in LMICs. By analysing data from large-scale studies of households, we estimate that pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and live attenuated rotavirus vaccines confer 19.7% (95% confidence interval, 3.4–43.4%) and 11.4% (4.0–18.6%) protection against antibiotic-treated episodes of acute respiratory infection and diarrhoea, respectively, in age groups that experience the greatest disease burden attributable to the vaccine-targeted pathogens6,7. Under current coverage levels, pneumococcal and rotavirus vaccines prevent 23.8 million and 13.6 million episodes of antibiotic-treated illness, respectively, among children under five years of age in LMICs each year. Direct protection resulting from the achievement of universal coverage targets for these vaccines could prevent an additional 40.0 million episodes of antibiotic-treated illness. This evidence supports the prioritization of vaccines within the global strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance8.

Tracking genetic discrimination

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Nature Genetics
Volume 52 Issue 5, May 2020
https://www.nature.com/ng/volumes/52/issues/5

 

Editorial | 06 May 2020
Tracking genetic discrimination
The promise of personalized medicine lies in the tailored treatment of individual patients, a process requiring detailed phenotypic and genetic information. Although the widespread collection of such data can help to advance the implementation of precision healthcare, the genomic sequencing data being amassed also include private information that could potentially be used as a basis for genetic discrimination. It is important for the genetics community to be aware of these risks and to contribute to policies designed to monitor and mitigate threats to the equitable treatment of individuals or populations on the basis of genetics.

Establishing the International Genetic Discrimination Observatory

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Nature Genetics
Volume 52 Issue 5, May 2020
https://www.nature.com/ng/volumes/52/issues/5

 

Comment | 23 March 2020
Establishing the International Genetic Discrimination Observatory
Genetic discrimination is one of the most pervasive challenges resulting from research and development in human genetics. To collaboratively study and prevent this ethical issue, we established an international Genetic Discrimination Observatory comprising a network of researchers and stakeholders from more than 19 jurisdictions.
Yann Joly, Gratien Dalpé[…] & Yvonne Bombard

A future for regulatory science in the European Union: the European Medicines Agency’s strategy

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Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
Volume 19 Issue 5, May 2020
https://www.nature.com/nrd/volumes/19/issues/5

 

Comment | 31 March 2020
A future for regulatory science in the European Union: the European Medicines Agency’s strategy
After 3 years of co-design with stakeholders and EU regulatory partners, the European Medicines Agency’s Regulatory Science to 2025 strategy has been finalized. Here, we highlight the core recommendations that stakeholders deem most significant to advance evidence generation.
Philip A. Hines, Rosanne Janssens[…] & Anthony J. Humphreys

Rethinking drug design in the artificial intelligence era

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Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
Volume 19 Issue 5, May 2020
https://www.nature.com/nrd/volumes/19/issues/5

 

Perspective | 04 December 2019
Rethinking drug design in the artificial intelligence era
Artificial intelligence (AI) tools are increasingly being applied in drug discovery. This article presents the views of a group of international experts on the ‘grand challenges’ in small-molecule drug discovery with AI, including obtaining appropriate data sets, generating new hypotheses, optimizing in a multi-objective manner, reducing cycle times and changing the research culture.
Petra Schneider, W. Patrick Walters[…] & Gisbert Schneider

Data Citizenship under the 21st Century Cures Act

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New England Journal of Medicine
May 7, 2020 Vol. 382 No. 19
http://www.nejm.org/toc/nejm/medical-journal

 

Perspective
Data Citizenship under the 21st Century Cures Act
Kenneth D. Mandl, M.D., M.P.H., and Isaac S. Kohane, M.D., Ph.D.
A new federal rule facilitates health data exchange and enforces right of access to a computable version of one’s medical record. The essential next steps include addressing cybersecurity, privacy, and insurability risks.

Availability of Authorizations from EMA and FDA for Age-Appropriate Medicines Contained in the WHO Essential Medicines List for Children 2019

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Pharmaceutics
Volume 12, Issue 4 (April 2020)
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/12/4

 

Open Access Review
Availability of Authorizations from EMA and FDA for Age-Appropriate Medicines Contained in the WHO Essential Medicines List for Children 2019
by Jose-Manuel delMoral-Sanchez , Isabel Gonzalez-Alvarez , Marta Gonzalez-Alvarez , Andres Navarro-Ruiz and Marival Bermejo
Pharmaceutics 2020, 12(4), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12040316 – 01 Apr 2020
Abstract
Lack of age-appropriate commercially drug products availability is a common problem in pediatric therapeutics; this population needs improved and safer drug delivery. In addition, biopharmaceutic aspects, dosage requirements, and swallowing abilities demand pediatric forms different to adult formulations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the authorization availability from United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) of oral essential medicines for children and analyze its age-appropriateness for oral administration in children. All oral drugs from 7th List of Essential Medicines for Children by World Health Organization (WHO) were selected. Availability of commercial drug products was collected from OrangeBook, Spanish drug product catalogue, British electronic Medicines Compendium, and the International Vademecum. Tablets, effervescent tablets, and capsules were considered as not age-appropriate forms. Liquid forms, powder for oral suspension, mini tablets, granules, and soluble films were considered as age-appropriate forms due to their flexibility. More than 80% of the studied drugs possess a commercial authorization in oral forms in both EMA and FDA. Nevertheless, around 50% of these formulations are not age-appropriate for most pediatric groups. This study shows the lack of age-appropriate medicines for children. More efforts are needed to improve development and approval of pediatric medicines.

Eliminating yellow fever epidemics in Africa: Vaccine demand forecast and impact modelling

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PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
http://www.plosntds.org/
(Accessed 9 May 2020)

 

Eliminating yellow fever epidemics in Africa: Vaccine demand forecast and impact modelling
Kévin Jean, Arran Hamlet, Justus Benzler, Laurence Cibrelus, Katy A. M. Gaythorpe, Amadou Sall, Neil M. Ferguson, Tini Garske
Research Article | published 07 May 2020 PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008304

Decisional autonomy undermines advisees’ judgments of experts in medicine and in life

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PNAS – Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/
[Accessed 9 May 2020]

 

Decisional autonomy undermines advisees’ judgments of experts in medicine and in life
Samantha Kassirer, Emma E. Levine, and Celia Gaertig
PNAS first published May 7, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910572117
Significance
The debate over whether people ought to be guided paternalistically or given full decisional autonomy has been raging for centuries. However, in many Western societies, autonomy has become the gold standard. The US medical system, in particular, has increasingly prioritized patient autonomy. The present research examines the important question of how patients and advisees broadly react to full decisional autonomy. We find that advisees making difficult decisions prefer paternalism to autonomy, but doctors do not anticipate this preference. We document this preference within medicine and within a range of other contexts characterized by adviser–advisee asymmetries in expertise. Our results suggest that advisees facing difficult decisions do not perceive autonomy as the gold standard.
Abstract
Over the past several decades, the United States medical system has increasingly prioritized patient autonomy. Physicians routinely encourage patients to come to their own decisions about their medical care rather than providing patients with clearer yet more paternalistic advice. Although political theorists, bioethicists, and philosophers generally see this as a positive trend, the present research examines the important question of how patients and advisees in general react to full decisional autonomy when making difficult decisions under uncertainty. Across six experiments (N = 3,867), we find that advisers who give advisees decisional autonomy rather than offering paternalistic advice are judged to be less competent and less helpful. As a result, advisees are less likely to return to and recommend these advisers and pay them lower wages. Importantly, we also demonstrate that advisers do not anticipate these effects. We document these results both inside and outside the medical domain, suggesting that the preference for paternalism is not unique to medicine but rather is a feature of situations in which there are adviser–advisee asymmetries in expertise. We find that the preference for paternalism holds when advice is solicited or unsolicited, when both paternalism and autonomy are accompanied by expert guidance, and it persists both before and after the outcomes of paternalistic advice are realized. Lastly, we see that the preference for paternalism only occurs when decision makers perceive their decision to be difficult. These results challenge the benefits of recently adopted practices in medical decision making that prioritize full decisional autonomy.

Estimating the deep replicability of scientific findings using human and artificial intelligence

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PNAS – Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/
[Accessed 9 May 2020]

 

Estimating the deep replicability of scientific findings using human and artificial intelligence
Yang Yang, Wu Youyou, and Brian Uzzi
PNAS first published May 4, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1909046117
Significance
After years of urgent concern about the failure of scientific papers to replicate, an accurate, scalable method for identifying findings at risk has yet to arrive. We present a method that combines machine intelligence and human acumen for estimating a study’s likelihood of replication. Our model—trained and tested on hundreds of manually replicated studies and out-of-sample datasets —is comparable to the best current methods, yet reduces the strain on researchers’ resources. In practice, our model can complement prediction market and survey replication methods, prioritize studies for expensive manual replication tests, and furnish independent feedback to researchers prior to submitting a study for review.
Abstract
Replicability tests of scientific papers show that the majority of papers fail replication. Moreover, failed papers circulate through the literature as quickly as replicating papers. This dynamic weakens the literature, raises research costs, and demonstrates the need for new approaches for estimating a study’s replicability. Here, we trained an artificial intelligence model to estimate a paper’s replicability using ground truth data on studies that had passed or failed manual replication tests, and then tested the model’s generalizability on an extensive set of out-of-sample studies. The model predicts replicability better than the base rate of reviewers and comparably as well as prediction markets, the best present-day method for predicting replicability. In out-of-sample tests on manually replicated papers from diverse disciplines and methods, the model had strong accuracy levels of 0.65 to 0.78. Exploring the reasons behind the model’s predictions, we found no evidence for bias based on topics, journals, disciplines, base rates of failure, persuasion words, or novelty words like “remarkable” or “unexpected.” We did find that the model’s accuracy is higher when trained on a paper’s text rather than its reported statistics and that n-grams, higher order word combinations that humans have difficulty processing, correlate with replication. We discuss how combining human and machine intelligence can raise confidence in research, provide research self-assessment techniques, and create methods that are scalable and efficient enough to review the ever-growing numbers of publications—a task that entails extensive human resources to accomplish with prediction markets and manual replication alone.

Declining Public Health Protections within Autocratic Regimes: Impact on Global Public Health Security, Infectious Disease Outbreaks, Epidemics, and Pandemics

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Prehospital & Disaster Medicine
Volume 35 – Issue 3 – June 2020
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/prehospital-and-disaster-medicine/latest-issue

 

Guest Editorial
Declining Public Health Protections within Autocratic Regimes: Impact on Global Public Health Security, Infectious Disease Outbreaks, Epidemics, and Pandemics
Frederick M. Burkle
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 08 April 2020, pp. 237-246
Abstract
Public health emergencies of international concern, in the form of infectious disease outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics, represent an increasing risk to the worldʼs population. Management requires coordinated responses, across many disciplines and nations, and the capacity to muster proper national and global public health education, infrastructure, and prevention measures. Unfortunately, increasing numbers of nations are ruled by autocratic regimes which have characteristically failed to adopt investments in public health infrastructure, education, and prevention measures to keep pace with population growth and density. Autocratic leaders have a direct impact on health security, a direct negative impact on health, and create adverse political and economic conditions that only complicate the crisis further. This is most evident in autocratic regimes where health protections have been seriously and purposely curtailed. All autocratic regimes define public health along economic and political imperatives that are similar across borders and cultures. Autocratic regimes are seriously handicapped by sociopathic narcissistic leaders who are incapable of understanding the health consequences of infectious diseases or the impact on their population. A cross section of autocratic nations currently experiencing the impact of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) are reviewed to demonstrate the manner where self-serving regimes fail to manage health crises and place the rest of the world at increasing risk. It is time to re-address the pre-SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) global agendas calling for stronger strategic capacity, legal authority, support, and institutional status under World Health Organization (WHO) leadership granted by an International Health Regulations Treaty. Treaties remain the most successful means the world has in preventing, preparing for, and controlling epidemics in an increasingly globalized world.

Tetanus, diphtheria and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine for prevention of pertussis among adults aged 19 years and older in the United States: A cost-effectiveness analysis

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Preventive Medicine
Volume 134 May 2020
https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/preventive-medicine/vol/134/suppl/C

 

Research article Abstract only
Tetanus, diphtheria and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine for prevention of pertussis among adults aged 19 years and older in the United States: A cost-effectiveness analysis
Bo-Hyun Cho, Anna M. Acosta, Andrew J. Leidner, Amanda E. Faulkner, Fangjun Zhou
Article 106066

Higher education associated with better national tetanus vaccination coverage: A population-based assessment

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Preventive Medicine
Volume 134 May 2020
https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/preventive-medicine/vol/134/suppl/C

 

Research article Abstract only
Higher education associated with better national tetanus vaccination coverage: A population-based assessment
Camerin A. Rencken, Shira Dunsiger, Annie Gjelsvik, Siraj Amanullah
Article 106063

Islamic concepts in ethics of pediatric clinical research

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Research Ethics
Volume 16 Issue 1-2, January-April 2020
http://journals.sagepub.com/toc/reab/current

 

Original Article: Non-Empirical
Islamic concepts in ethics of pediatric clinical research
Areej AG AlFattani, Hala AlAlem
First Published February 3, 2020; pp. 1–11
Abstract
Background:
Medical research on children has increased in the last 20 years. International ethical regulations for conducting clinical research on children may not pertain to Muslim communities where religious beliefs play a big role in decision-making process.
Methods:
The aim of this paper was to illustrate the origins of bioethics principles in Islam, to appraise the existing regulations of Islamic countries, and to systematically review areas of improvements.
Conclusion:
This review recommends a customized approach for regulators to set culturally adapted ethical guidelines that highlight Islamic traditions in dealing with children of different ages.

Vaccination strategies to enhance immunity in neonates

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Science
08 May 2020 Vol 368, Issue 6491
http://www.sciencemag.org/current.dtl

Vaccination strategies to enhance immunity in neonates
By Tobias R. Kollmann, Arnaud Marchant, Sing Sing Way
Abstract
Neonates are particularly susceptible to infection. This vulnerability occurs despite their responsiveness to most vaccines. However, current vaccines do not target the pathogens responsible for most of the severe neonatal infections, and the time it takes to induce protective pathogen-specific immunity after vaccination limits protection in the first days to weeks of life. Alternative strategies include using vaccines to broadly stimulate neonatal immunity in a pathogen-agnostic fashion or vaccinating women during pregnancy to induce protective antibodies that are vertically transferred to offspring within their window of vulnerability. Protection may be further improved by integrating these approaches, namely vaccinating the neonate under the cover of vertically transferred maternal immunity. The rationale for and knowledge gaps related to each of these alternatives are discussed.

An investigation of transmission control measures during the first 50 days of the COVID-19 epidemic in China

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Science
08 May 2020 Vol 368, Issue 6491
http://www.sciencemag.org/current.dtl

 

Reports
An investigation of transmission control measures during the first 50 days of the COVID-19 epidemic in China
By Huaiyu Tian, Yonghong Liu, Yidan Li, Chieh-Hsi Wu, Bin Chen, Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Bingying Li, Jun Cai, Bo Xu, Qiqi Yang, Ben Wang, Peng Yang, Yujun Cui, Yimeng Song, Pai Zheng, Quanyi Wang, Ottar N. Bjornstad, Ruifu Yang, Bryan T. Grenfell, Oliver G. Pybus, Christopher Dye
Science08 May 2020 : 638-642 Full Access
Travel restrictions and the national emergency response delayed the growth and limited the size of the COVID-19 epidemic in China.

BCG vaccination–induced emergency granulopoiesis provides rapid protection from neonatal sepsis

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Science Translational Medicine
06 May 2020 Vol 12, Issue 542
https://stm.sciencemag.org/

 

Research Articles
BCG vaccination–induced emergency granulopoiesis provides rapid protection from neonatal sepsis
By Byron Brook, Danny J. Harbeson, Casey P. Shannon, Bing Cai, Daniel He, Rym Ben-Othman, Freddy Francis, Joe Huang, Natallia Varankovich, Aaron Liu, Winnie Bao, Morten Bjerregaard-Andersen, Frederik Schaltz-Buchholzer, Lilica Sanca, Christian N. Golding, Kristina Lindberg Larsen, Ofer Levy, Beate Kampmann, The EPIC Consortium, Rusung Tan, Adrian Charles, James L. Wynn, Frank Shann, Peter Aaby, Christine S. Benn, Scott J. Tebbutt, Tobias R. Kollmann, Nelly Amenyogbe
Science Translational Medicine06 May 2020 Full Access
Neonatal administration of BCG vaccine rapidly increases neutrophil production to reduce mortality from sepsis.

Interventions for treatment of COVID-19: a protocol for a living systematic review with network meta-analysis including individual patient data (The LIVING Project)

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Systematic Reviews
https://systematicreviewsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles
[Accessed 9 May 2020]

 

Interventions for treatment of COVID-19: a protocol for a living systematic review with network meta-analysis including individual patient data (The LIVING Project)
COVID-19 is a rapidly spreading virus infection that has quickly caused extensive burden to individual, families, countries, and the globe. No intervention has yet been proven effective for the treatment of CO…
Authors: Sophie Juul, Niklas Nielsen, Peter Bentzer, Areti Angeliki Veroniki, Lehana Thabane, Adam Linder, Sarah Klingenberg, Christian Gluud and Janus Christian Jakobsen
Citation: Systematic Reviews 2020 9:108
Content type: Protocol
Published on: 9 May 2020

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What do we know about travel for children with special health care needs? A review of the literature

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Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases
Volume 34 March–April 2020
https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/travel-medicine-and-infectious-disease/vol/34/suppl/C

 

Review article Abstract only
What do we know about travel for children with special health care needs? A review of the literature
Sarah E. Kohl, Elizabeth D. Barnett
Article 101438

COVID-19 – the role of mass gatherings

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Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases
Volume 34 March–April 2020
https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/travel-medicine-and-infectious-disease/vol/34/suppl/C

 

Research article Full text access
COVID-19 – the role of mass gatherings
Shahul H. Ebrahim, Ziad A. Memish
Article 101617
Abstract
Mass gathering (MG) medicine emerged against the backdrop of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) when the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) hosted the largest annual mass gathering of over 3 million pilgrims from 180 plus countries. However, the events surrounding the latest threat to global health, the PHEIC COVID-19, may be sufficient to highlight the role of mass gatherings, mass migration, and other forms of dense gatherings of people on the emergence, sustenance, and transmission of novel pathogens. The COVID-19 spread illustrates the role of MGs in exacerbation of the scope of pandemics. Cancellation or suspension of MGs would be critical to pandemic mitigation. It is unlikely that medical countermeasures are available during the early phase of pandemics. Therefore, mitigation of its impact, rather than containment and control becomes a priority during pandemics. As the most systematically studied MG-related respiratory disease data come from KSA, the cancellation of Umrah by the KSA authorities, prior to emergence of cases, provide the best opportunity to develop mathematical models to quantify event cancellations related mitigation of COVID-19 transmission in KSA and to the home countries of pilgrims. COVID-19 has already provided examples of both clearly planned event cancellations such as the Umrah suspension in KSA, and where outbreaks and events were continued.

The cancellation of mass gatherings (MGs)? Decision making in the time of COVID-19

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Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases
Volume 34 March–April 2020
https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/travel-medicine-and-infectious-disease/vol/34/suppl/C

 

Short communication Full text access
The cancellation of mass gatherings (MGs)? Decision making in the time of COVID-19
Qanta A. Ahmed, Ziad A. Memish
Article 101631
Abstract
Our recommendation, as experts who have monitored health hazards at the Hajj for over 15 years, especially if the situation with COVID-19 continues to escalate globally is that Hajj 2020 will be at risk of being suspended and a means for Muslims to fulfill their rights in the future either personally or even by proxy need to be announced. The same holds true for the Summer 2020 Olympics in Japan and for many other MGs and large gatherings. Decisions in the time of COVID-19 will be closely followed and will be a blueprint for other mass gatherings.

Immunogenicity and safety of an adjuvanted inactivated polio vaccine, IPV-Al, following vaccination in children at 2, 4, 6 and at 15–18 months

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Vaccine
Volume 38, Issue 21 Pages 3699-3810 (6 May 2020)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/vaccine/vol/38/issue/21

 

Selected Content
Research article Open access
Immunogenicity and safety of an adjuvanted inactivated polio vaccine, IPV-Al, following vaccination in children at 2, 4, 6 and at 15–18 months

Xavier Sáez-Llorens, Birgit Thierry-Carstensen, Lina Saem Stoey, Charlotte Sørensen, … Mie Vestergaard Kusk
Pages 3780-3789