BMC Health Services Research
http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmchealthservres/content
(Accessed 29 April 2017)

Research article
Effective communication of public health guidance to emergency department clinicians in the setting of emerging incidents: a qualitative study and framework
Evidence to inform communication between emergency department clinicians and public health agencies is limited. In the context of diverse, emerging public health incidents, communication is urgent, as emergency department clinicians must implement recommendations to protect themselves and the public. The objectives of this study were to: explore current practices, barriers and facilitators at the local level for communicating public health guidance to emergency department clinicians in emerging public health incidents; and develop a framework that promotes effective communication of public health guidance to clinicians during emerging incidents.
Yasmin Khan, Sarah Sanford, Doug Sider, Kieran Moore, Gary Garber, Eileen de Villa and Brian Schwartz
BMC Health Services Research 2017 17:312
Published on: 28 April 2017

BMC Infectious Diseases
http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcinfectdis/content
(Accessed 29 April 2017)

Research article
Direct and indirect effects of influenza vaccination
Martin Eichner, Markus Schwehm, Linda Eichner and Laetitia Gerlier
BMC Infectious Diseases 2017 17:308
Published on: 26 April 2017
Abstract
Background
After vaccination, vaccinees acquire some protection against infection and/or disease. Vaccination, therefore, reduces the number of infections in the population. Due to this herd protection, not everybody needs to be vaccinated to prevent infections from spreading.
Methods
We quantify direct and indirect effects of influenza vaccination examining the standard Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) and Susceptible-Infected-Recovered-Susceptible (SIRS) model as well as simulation results of a sophisticated simulation tool which allows for seasonal transmission of four influenza strains in a population with realistic demography and age-dependent contact patterns.
Results
As shown analytically for the simple SIR and SIRS transmission models, indirect vaccination effects are bigger than direct ones if the effective reproduction number of disease transmission is close to the critical value of 1. Simulation results for 20–60% vaccination with live influenza vaccine of 2–17 year old children in Germany, averaged over 10 years (2017–26), confirm this result: four to seven times as many influenza cases are prevented among non-vaccinated individuals as among vaccinees. For complications like death due to influenza which occur much more frequently in the unvaccinated elderly than in the vaccination target group of children, indirect benefits can surpass direct ones by a factor of 20 or even more than 30.
Conclusions
The true effect of vaccination can be much bigger than what would be expected by only looking at vaccination coverage and vaccine efficacy.

BMC Public Health
http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles (Accessed 29 April 2017)

Research article
Impact of the Ebola outbreak on routine immunization in western area, Sierra Leone – a field survey from an Ebola epidemic area
Since March 2014, the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa disrupted health care systems – especially in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone – with a consequential stress on the area’s routine immunization programs. To address perceived decreased vaccination coverage, Sierra Leone conducted a catch-up vaccination campaign during 24–27 April 2015. We conducted a vaccination coverage survey and report coverage estimates surrounding the time of the EVD outbreak and the catch-up campaign… Coverage levels of MV and Pentavalent3 were low before the EVD outbreak and decreased further during the outbreak. Although the MCHW catch-up campaign increased coverage levels, coverage remained below pre-outbreak levels. High-quality supplementary immunization activities should be conducted and routine immunization should be strengthened to address gaps in immunity among children in this EVD-affected area.
Xiaojin Sun, T. T. Samba, Jianyi Yao, Wenwu Yin, Lin Xiao, Fuqiang Liu, Xiaoqiang Liu, Jikun Zhou, Zengqiang Kou, Hongwei Fan, Hao Zhang, Aqnes Williams, Paul M. Lansana and Zundong Yin
BMC Public Health 2017 17:363
Published on: 26 April 2017

Clinical Therapeutics
April 2017 Volume 39, Issue 4, p665-872
http://www.clinicaltherapeutics.com/issue/S0149-2918(17)X0004-0

Review
Postmarketing Surveillance Studies—An Industry Perspective on Changing Global Requirements and Implications
Arshadul Haque, Sajjan Daniel, Tricia Maxwell, Mariette Boerstoel
p675–685
Published online: April 7, 2017
Abstract
Purpose
This article describes postmarketing surveillance (PMS) study regulations and expectations of the regulatory agencies in 5 countries. With a focus on postapproval drug safety, there is a continuous need for understanding the benefit–risk profile of an approved drug. In addition to spontaneous adverse-event reporting, regulatory agencies seem to be more reliant on PMS studies. The opportunity to systematically monitor use in special populations, such as elderly patients and those with comorbid conditions, also presents itself during postmarketing use. Regulatory agencies in Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Mexico are requiring such studies as standards or conditions of drug approvals and license renewals. These studies are meant to be observational and noninterventional, over specified time periods. Studies are required specifically for following up treated patients in clinical practice, with the main objective of collecting safety data to further characterize the benefit–risk profile that was established during clinical trials and particularly in the country-specific population.
Methods
We reviewed and compared the published PMS guidelines and requirements in Japan, the Republic of Korea, the People’s Republic of China, India, and Mexico. Interpretations of the guidelines and requirements are included and are based on direct interactions with the different regulatory agencies.
Findings
We note that the different country PMS guidelines are at varying points in development. While some countries have more comprehensive guidelines, in others, the guidelines are still evolving. The similarities among guidelines include the requirements of the content and format of protocols, periodic reports, and interim reports of PMS studies. The differences in the requirements of PMS studies, such as sample size and study duration, are noticeable. These protocols are to be submitted, together with the respective risk-management plans, for approval by the regulatory authority prior to implementation of the study.
Implications
Conventional drug discovery and approval processes are well understood, and there are ample regulatory guidelines and International Conference of Harmonisation–based reference documents for understanding the path of the drug-approval process. Limited information is currently available with regard to the regulations and how PMS studies should be developed and evaluated. Some of the country-specific elements included can inform readers while they prepare to develop and implement PMS study protocols.

Global Public Health
Volume 12, 2017   Issue 6
http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rgph20/current
Special Issue: Maternal and Child Health in Africa for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Beyond 2015

introduction
Maternal and child health in Africa for sustainable development goals beyond 2015
Pages: 643-647
Published online: 25 Apr 2017
Ezekiel Kalipeni, Juliet Iwelunmor & Diana Grigsby-Toussaint

Health Research Policy and Systems
http://www.health-policy-systems.com/content
[Accessed 29 April 2017]

Opinion
Evidence-based policymaking is not like evidence-based medicine, so how far should you go to bridge the divide between evidence and policy?
Paul Cairney and Kathryn Oliver
Published on: 26 April 2017
Abstract
There is extensive health and public health literature on the ‘evidence-policy gap’, exploring the frustrating experiences of scientists trying to secure a response to the problems and solutions they raise and identifying the need for better evidence to reduce policymaker uncertainty. We offer a new perspective by using policy theory to propose research with greater impact, identifying the need to use persuasion to reduce ambiguity, and to adapt to multi-level   policymaking systems.
We identify insights from secondary data, namely systematic reviews, critical analysis and policy theories relevant to evidence-based policymaking. The studies are drawn primarily from countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. We combine empirical and normative elements to identify the ways in which scientists can, do and could influence policy.
We identify two important dilemmas, for scientists and researchers, that arise from our initial advice. First, effective actors combine evidence with manipulative emotional appeals to influence the policy agenda – should scientists do the same, or would the reputational costs outweigh the policy benefits? Second, when adapting to multi-level policymaking, should scientists prioritise ‘evidence-based’ policymaking above other factors? The latter includes governance principles such the ‘co-production’ of policy between local public bodies, interest groups and service users. This process may be based primarily on values and involve actors with no commitment to a hierarchy of evidence.
We conclude that successful engagement in ‘evidence-based policymaking’ requires pragmatism, combining scientific evidence with governance principles, and persuasion to translate complex evidence into simple stories. To maximise the use of scientific evidence in health and public health policy, researchers should recognise the tendency of policymakers to base judgements on their beliefs, and shortcuts based on their emotions and familiarity with information; learn ‘where the action is’, and be prepared to engage in long-term strategies to be able to influence policy; and, in both cases, decide how far you are willing to go to persuade policymakers to act and secure a hierarchy of evidence underpinning policy. These are value-driven and political, not just ‘evidence-based’, choices.

Infectious Diseases of Poverty
http://www.idpjournal.com/content
[Accessed 29 April 2017]

Scoping Review
Malaria elimination in Lao PDR: the challenges associated with population mobility
Although the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) is comparatively small landlocked country with patterns of both in- and out-migration, its human migration situation has been poorly studied.
Sengchanh Kounnavong, Deyer Gopinath, Bouasy Hongvanthong, Chanthalone Khamkong and Odai Sichanthongthip
Published on: 25 April 2017

Infectious Diseases of Poverty
http://www.idpjournal.com/content
[Accessed 29 April 2017]

Research Article
Implementing the communication for development strategy to improve knowledge and coverage of measles vaccination in western Chinese immunization programs: a before-and-after evaluation
Communication for Development (C4D) is a strategy promoted by the United Nations Children’s Fund to foster positive and measurable changes at the individual, family, community, social, and policy levels of society. In western China, C4D activities have previously been conducted as part of province-level immunization programs. In this study, we evaluated the association of C4D with changes in parental knowledge of immunization services, measles disease, and measles vaccine, and changes in their children’s measles vaccine coverage…
C4D is associated with increased caregiver knowledge about measles, increased willingness to seek immunization services for their children, and increased measles vaccination coverage. Tailored communication strategies based on insights gained from these analyses may be able to increase vaccination coverage in hard-to-reach areas. C4D should be considered for larger scale implementation in China.
Ming Lu, Yao-Zhu Chu, Wen-Zhou Yu, Robert Scherpbier, Yu-Qing Zhou, Xu Zhu, Qi-Ru Su, Meng-Juan Duan, Xuan Zhang, Fu-Qiang Cui, Hua-Qing Wang, Yi-Biao Zhou and Qing-Wu Jiang
Published on: 24 April 2017

International Journal of Epidemiology
Volume 46, Issue 1   February 2017
http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/current

Editorials
Epidemiology in an age of anger and complaint
Stephen Leeder

Epidemiology in the age of sustainable development
Jeffrey Sachs

Why population-based data are crucial to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals
Osman Sankoh; on behalf of the INDEPTH Network and partners

Genetics for population and public health
John L Hopper

JAMA
April 25, 2017, Vol 317, No. 16, Pages 1595-1700
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/issue.aspx

Viewpoint
Presidential Immigration Policies – Endangering Health and Well-being?
Lawrence O. Gostin, JD; Katharina Eva Ó Cathaoir, PhD
Abstract
President Trump has issued executive orders transforming US immigration policy, potentially harming patient health and well-being. Are the president’s orders lawful and ethical, and what are the effects on the health system?
The president has authorized construction of a barrier along the 2000-mile US-Mexico border, but Congress must first appropriate $12.6 billion to $21.6 billion. The executive order envisions Mexico paying for the barrier by reducing foreign assistance or imposing a 20% import tax. The latter is incompatible with international trade rules proscribing discrimination among trading partners. The federal government has constitutional power to appropriate private property with just compensation, but litigation from landowners and Native American tribes will incur major delays.

JAMA
April 25, 2017, Vol 317, No. 16, Pages 1595-1700
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/issue.aspx

Enhancing Transparency at the US Food and Drug Administration – Moving Beyond the 21st Century Cures Act
Joshua M. Sharfstein, MD; Michael Stebbins, PhD
JAMA. 2017;317(16):1621-1622. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.2481
This Viewpoint summarizes recommendations made in a 2017 Blueprint for Transparency at the US Food and Drug Administration developed to encourage increased public access to FDA analyses and regulatory decisions

JAMA
April 25, 2017, Vol 317, No. 16, Pages 1595-1700
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/issue.aspx

Research Letter
Immunogenicity of 2 vs 3 Doses of the Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in Girls Aged 9 to 13 Years After 60 Months
Gina Ogilvie, MD, MSc, FCFP, DrPH; Chantal Sauvageau, MD, MSc, FRCPC; Marc Dionne, MD, MPH; et al.
JAMA. 2017;317(16):1687-1688. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.1840
This study uses long-term follow-up clinical trial data to compare antibody response 60 months after girls younger than 15 years were randomized to 2 vs 3 doses of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine.

Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved (JHCPU)
Volume 28, Number 2 Supplement, May 2017
https://muse.jhu.edu/issue/36192

The Power of Prevention: Reaching At-Risk Emerging Adults to Reduce Substance Abuse and HIV
Guest Editors: Lorece Edwards, DrPH, MHS, Morgan State University and Ronald L. Braithwaite, PhD, Morehouse School of Medicine
Preface
HIV/AIDS and Academic Research Institutions—Consider a New Era 
pp.vi-ix
Kim Dobson Sydnor

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews
Volume 4, Issue 2 (2017)
http://digitalrepository.aurorahealthcare.org/jpcrr/

Original Research
Multiple Myeloma Vaccination Patterns in a Large Health System: A Pilot Study
Andinet Alemu, Maharaj Singh, Chris Blumberg, John O. Richards, Martin K. Oaks, and Michael A. Thompson
Abstract
Purpose
Common reasons for hospitalization and death in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) are infections. As patients with MM are living longer and are treated with immunomodulatory drugs, there is a need to immunize against vaccine-preventable diseases and ultimately determine the efficacy of these vaccines. We evaluated vaccination practice patterns in MM patients at our health system using electronic medical records and data analytics.
Conclusion
Despite recommendations of vaccination in multiple myeloma, our cohort had low rates of influenza and pneumonia vaccination. FV and PV status did not show any significant association with additional hospitalization or overall survival in this pilot study. Future prospective studies are needed to ascertain the immunological and clinical efficacy and effectiveness of these vaccines in immunosuppressed patients.

New England Journal of Medicine
April 27, 2017  Vol. 376 No. 17
http://www.nejm.org/toc/nejm/medical-journal

Perspective
Preventive Medicine for the Planet and Its Peoples
D.J. Hunter, H. Frumkin, and A. Jha
[Initial text]
“Health is the human face of climate change” was the motivating idea behind the Climate and Health conference held at the Carter Center in Atlanta on Thursday, February 16, 2017. Originally scheduled by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which then postponed it indefinitely, the meeting was resurrected by a coalition of nongovernmental organizations and universities and convened by former Vice President Al Gore. More than 300 attendees and a worldwide audience watching the live stream listened to more than 25 speakers addressing the health effects of climate change, the role of health professionals in adapting to these effects and communicating with the public and policymakers, and the health benefits of climate-change mitigation…

Perspective
Resisting the Suppression of Science
Lisa Rosenbaum, M.D.
N Engl J Med 2017; 376:1607-1609 April 27, 2017 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1702362
 

PLoS Medicine
http://www.plosmedicine.org/
(Accessed 29 April 2017)

Editorial
Implementation science: Relevance in the real world without sacrificing rigor
Elvin H. Geng, David Peiris, Margaret E. Kruk
| published 25 Apr 2017 PLOS Medicine
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002288
[Initial text]
The need for implementation science in health is now broadly recognized, and a working understanding of the qualities that make an implementation study “good” is needed more than ever before. As defined by Mittman and Eccles, implementation research “is the scientific study of methods to promote the systematic uptake of research findings and other evidence-based practices into routine practice, and, hence, to improve the quality and effectiveness of health services. It includes the study of influences on healthcare professional and organizational behavior” [1]. The scope of implementation science is broad, ranging from observational studies seeking to characterize and understand evidence-practice gaps, to proof-of-concept studies of efficacy, to large-scale implementation and effectiveness trials of complex interventions. Certainly, if findings in this field are not internally valid (i.e., wrong within the source population), they won’t be of use to anyone. But even if findings are internally valid, to be of value, they must be applicable and useful for implementers (e.g., governments, organizations, health care workers, and communities) in diverse real-world contexts. What kinds of findings in implementation science are most useful? Must a trade-off exist between rigor and relevance? If so, what is the right balance between rigor and applicability in a variety of contexts?
The tension between rigor and relevance across contexts is at the center of two conversations in implementation research. One conversation is among investigators immersed in the traditional scientific principles of rigorous human subject research (e.g., sampling, measurement, and confounding) and who must sometimes be persuaded of the importance of usability, applicability, and, therefore, relevance across varied real-world practice contexts. The second conversation is among implementers and evaluators embedded in real-world programs, settings, and populations. Some from this group must be persuaded that rigorous evaluation is needed and that scientific fundamentals, with accompanying effort and planning, are requisite when implementation research is the goal.…

PLoS Medicine
http://www.plosmedicine.org/
(Accessed 29 April 2017)

Policy Forum
Governing multisectoral action for health in low- and middle-income countries
Kumanan Rasanathan, Sara Bennett, Vincent Atkins, Robert Beschel, Gabriel Carrasquilla, Jodi Charles, Rajib Dasgupta, Kirk Emerson, Douglas Glandon, Churnrurtai Kanchanachitra, Pete Kingsley, Don Matheson, Rees Murithi Mbabu, Charles Mwansambo, Michael Myers, Jeremias Paul Jr., Thulisile Radebe, James Smith, Orielle Solar, Agnès Soucat, Aloysius Ssennyonjo, Matthias Wismar, Shehla Zaidi
| published 25 Apr 2017 PLOS Medicine
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002285
Summary points
:: The focus of the health sector in most countries remains almost exclusively on health care services, and the potential of multisectoral collaboration remains untapped in many low- and middle-income countries.
:: Different sectors have different contributions to make towards solving specific health problems. In each case, the profile, interests, incentives, and relationships of key individuals and sectors must be mapped and analysed to inform the design of approaches and systems to tackle a shared problem.
:: Collaborative and distributed leadership is key for effective governance of multisectoral action, with a need to build leadership capacity across sectors and levels of government and cultivate champions in different sectors who can agree on common objectives.
:: Important ways forward to support countries to take a multisectoral approach for health include ensuring that the universal health coverage agenda addresses the capacity of the health sector to work with other sectors, learning from multisectoral efforts that do not involve the health sector, improving the capacity of global institutions to support countries in undertaking multisectoral action, and developing a clear implementation research agenda for multisectoral action for health.

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
http://www.plosntds.org/
(Accessed 29 April 2017)

Research Article
The potential economic burden of Zika in the continental United States
Bruce Y. Lee, Jorge A. Alfaro-Murillo, Alyssa S. Parpia, Lindsey Asti, Patrick T. Wedlock, Peter J. Hotez, Alison P. Galvani
| published 27 Apr 2017 PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005531

Editorial
The first “London Declaration”: The Commonwealth and its neglected tropical diseases
Peter J. Hotez, Ashish Damania, Aparna Barua, Jeffrey Stanaway
| published 27 Apr 2017 PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005321

PLoS One
http://www.plosone.org/
[Accessed 29 April 2017]

Research Article
Insights into intercontinental spread of Zika virus
Dachao Liang, Ross Ka Kit Leung, Shui Shan Lee, Kai Man Kam
Research Article | published 27 Apr 2017 PLOS ONE
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176710

PLoS One
http://www.plosone.org/
Research Article

A population-based approach for implementing change from opt-out to opt-in research permissions
Elizabeth A. Marshall, Jim C. Oates, Azza Shoaibi, Jihad S. Obeid, Melissa L. Habrat, Robert W. Warren, Kathleen T. Brady, Leslie A. Lenert
Research Article | published 25 Apr 2017 PLOS ONE
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168223
Abstract
Due to recently proposed changes in the Common Rule regarding the collection of research preferences, there is an increased need for efficient methods to document opt-in research preferences at a population level. Previously, our institution developed an opt-out paper-based workflow that could not be utilized for research in a scalable fashion. This project was designed to demonstrate the feasibility of implementing an electronic health record (EHR)-based active opt-in research preferences program. The first phase of implementation required creating and disseminating a patient questionnaire through the EHR portal to populate discreet fields within the EHR indicating patients’ preferences for future research study contact (contact) and their willingness to allow anonymised use of excess tissue and fluid specimens (biobank). In the second phase, the questionnaire was presented within a clinic nurse intake workflow in an obstetrical clinic. These permissions were tabulated in registries for use by investigators for feasibility studies and recruitment. The registry was also used for research patient contact management using a new EHR encounter type to differentiate research from clinical encounters. The research permissions questionnaire was sent to 59,670 patients via the EHR portal. Within four months, 21,814 responses (75% willing to participate in biobanking, and 72% willing to be contacted for future research) were received. Each response was recorded within a patient portal encounter to enable longitudinal analysis of responses. We obtained a significantly lower positive response from the 264 females who completed the questionnaire in the obstetrical clinic (55% volunteers for biobank and 52% for contact). We demonstrate that it is possible to establish a research permissions registry using the EHR portal and clinic-based workflows. This patient-centric, population-based, opt-in approach documents preferences in the EHR, allowing linkage of these preferences to health record information.

PNAS – Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
of America
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/
[Accessed 29 April 2017]
Physical Sciences – Biophysics and Computational Biology – Biological Sciences – Population Biology:

Spread of Zika virus in the Americas
Qian Zhang, Kaiyuan Sun, Matteo Chinazzi, Ana Pastore y Piontti, Natalie E. Dean, Diana Patricia Rojas, Stefano Merler, Dina Mistry, Piero Poletti, Luca Rossi, Margaret Bray, M. Elizabeth Halloran, Ira M. Longini Jr., and Alessandro Vespignani
PNAS 2017 ; published ahead of print April 25, 2017, doi:10.1073/pnas.1620161114

Science         
28 April 2017  Vol 356, Issue 6336
http://www.sciencemag.org/current.dtl

Editorial
Syria, slums, and health security
By Seth Berkley
Science28 Apr 2017 : 353 Full Access
Summary
The Syrian conflict has been described as a new kind of world war: local conflicts with resounding global consequences. It has accelerated the rise of the terrorist group ISIS, destabilized Europe’s open border agreement, and led to the single largest refugee crisis in decades. These factors contribute to an emerging fragility that compounds the humanitarian crisis in Syria but also threatens global health.

Science         
28 April 2017  Vol 356, Issue 6336
http://www.sciencemag.org/current.dtl

Feature
The vaccine wars
By Meredith Wadman, Jia You
Science28 Apr 2017 : 364-365 Full Access
Debunking myths, owning real risks, and courting doubters.
Summary
In 2015, the most recent year for which data are available, just 72% of U.S. toddlers had received seven key vaccines recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Together, these vaccines protect against 11 potentially deadly diseases. Perhaps the subpar number is not surprising: As once-common diseases of childhood fade from public view, it is understandable that parents’ attention would shift from the fear of disease to concerns about risks of the vaccines themselves. The articles in this issue debunk myths old and new about these risks; acknowledge the real, rare vaccine injuries that do occur; and explore what’s known about what works to persuade vaccine-hesitant parents. And the graphic data on this page serve as a powerful reminder of the power of vaccines to vanquish disease.

Science         
28 April 2017  Vol 356, Issue 6336
http://www.sciencemag.org/current.dtl

The science of persuasion
By Kai Kupferschmidt
Science28 Apr 2017 : 366-369 Full Access
Vaccines save lives. But what is the most effective way to convince worried parents?
Summary
Vaccines save many lives, but not all parents are convinced that their children should be vaccinated. As a result, vaccine-preventable diseases still cause big outbreaks even in the developed world; meanwhile, a small but vocal community is spreading misinformation about vaccines and demonizing proponents of immunization. Scientists don’t agree on the best way to persuade parents to have their children vaccinated. Studies on that question are often limited in scope, have different approaches, and contradict each other. Still, past work offers some clues on what works, scientists say. And persuasion isn’t the only strategy; just making it easier to get vaccinated—or more difficult to refuse—can also have an important impact.

Science         
28 April 2017  Vol 356, Issue 6336
http://www.sciencemag.org/current.dtl

Vaccine myths
By Lindzi Wessel
Science28 Apr 2017 : 368-372 Full Access
Health officials say vaccines are safe, so where do common vaccine concerns come from?
Summary
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s vaccination schedule protects children from 14 dangerous diseases before 2 years of age including polio, mumps, and whooping cough. But even though vaccination has driven down these life-threatening illnesses, fears surrounding the vaccines themselves sometimes keep parents from following through with shots. Calling themselves “safety advocates,” vaccine skeptics have railed against vaccination requirements, alleged government cover-ups of vaccine harms, and—more recently—called for the formation of a new “vaccine safety” commission with vocal vaccine skeptic Robert F. Kennedy Jr. at its head. Science examined the history behind four of the common false claims against vaccines.

Science         
28 April 2017  Vol 356, Issue 6336
http://www.sciencemag.org/current.dtl

Vaccines on trial
By Meredith Wadman
Science28 Apr 2017 : 370-373 Full Access
The U.S. vaccine court weighs real versus bogus risks.
Summary
Leah Durant may be unique among vaccine injury lawyers: She was moved to begin representing people hurt by vaccines after sustaining her own painful shoulder injury, the result of a tetanus injection administered too high on her arm. Durant’s Washington, D.C., practice at what is popularly known at the vaccine court provides a window into rare but real—as opposed to bogus—vaccine risks. Among these, shoulder injuries like Durant’s are easily the most common brought to the court by petitioners. Others include nerve-damaging autoimmune reactions like Guillain-Barré syndrome and brachial neuritis; and a multisystem allergic reaction known as anaphylaxis. The 30-year-old vaccine court, part of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims, provides a no-fault route to compensation for those hurt by real vaccine injuries—with the costs of their lawyers picked up by the government.

Science Translational Medicine
26 April 2017  Vol 9, Issue 387
http://stm.sciencemag.org/

Editors’ Choice  Infectious Disease
Defeating Zika
By Jonathan J. Miner
Science Translational Medicine26 Apr 2017 Full Access
A live attenuated Zika virus vaccine produces sterilizing immunity in mice.

Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases
March-April, 2017 – Volume 16
http://www.travelmedicinejournal.com/

Editorials
Yellow fever vaccination – Once in a lifetime?
Martin P. Grobusch, Mariëlle van Aalst, Abraham Goorhuis
Vol. 15, p1–2
Published online: December 22, 2016

Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases
March-April, 2017 – Volume 16
http://www.travelmedicinejournal.com/

Reviews
Refugees and antimicrobial resistance: A systematic review
Allard Willem de Smalen, Hatem Ghorab, Moataz Abd El Ghany, Grant A. Hill-Cawthorne
Vol. 15, p23–28
Published online: December 2, 2016
Abstract
Background
There is a large increase in the numbers of refugees and asylum seekers worldwide and a lack of data on the carriage of antimicrobial resistance in refugee/asylum seeking groups.
Methods
This article aims to identify the impact of refugees and asylum seekers on the acquisition and transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through a literature search. The databases Embase, Medline, Pubmed, and Web of Science Core Collection were utilised and covered all articles before the 1st of October 2016. In total, 577 articles were identified, and studies were eligible if they met the selection criteria, including observational study design, English language, and AMR strains reported in absolute numbers. In total, 17 articles met the criteria, the majority were from the European region.
Results
Articles fitting the selection criteria exclusively reported AMR in bacterial species including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, K. oxytoca, Shigella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, and Acinetobacter baumannii. The analyses indicated that a high percentage of AMR strains, have been circulating among refugees and asylum seekers.
Conclusion
The displacement of refugees and asylum seekers seem to play a key role in the transmission of AMR. Therefore, improved AMR control measures are essential. A knowledge gap was identified; further research is strongly recommended.

Vaccine
Volume 35, Issue 21, Pages 2767-2870 (15 May 2017)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0264410X/35/21

Commentary
Role of controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) in malaria vaccine development: A U.S. food & drug administration (FDA) perspective
Pages 2767-2769
Rana Chattopadhyay, Douglas Pratt

Vaccine
Volume 35, Issue 21, Pages 2767-2870 (15 May 2017)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0264410X/35/21

Short communication
Evaluation of storing hepatitis B vaccine outside the cold chain in the Solomon Islands: Identifying opportunities and barriers to implementation
Pages 2770-2774
Lucy Breakwell, Jenniffer Anga, Ibrahim Dadari, Nahad Sadr-Azodi, Divinal Ogaoga, Minal Patel
Abstract
Monovalent Hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) is heat stable, making it suitable for storage outside cold chain (OCC) at 37 °C for 1 month. We conducted an OCC project in the Solomon Islands to determine the feasibility of and barriers to national implementation and to evaluate impact on coverage. Healthcare workers at 13 facilities maintained monovalent HepB birth dose (HepB-BD) OCC for up to 28 days over 7 months. Vaccination data were recorded for children born during the project and those born during 7 months before the project. Timely HepB-BD coverage among facility and home births increased from 30% to 68% and from 4% to 24%, respectively. Temperature excursions above 37 °C were rare, but vaccine wastage was high and shortages common. Storing HepB OCC can increase HepB-BD coverage in countries with insufficient cold chain capacity or numerous home births. High vaccine wastage and unreliable vaccine supply must be addressed for successful implementation.

Vaccine
Volume 35, Issue 21, Pages 2767-2870 (15 May 2017)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0264410X/35/21

Reviews
Efficacy and safety of high-dose influenza vaccine in elderly adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Review Article
Pages 2775-2780
Krista Wilkinson, Yichun Wei, Andrea Szwajcer, Rasheda Rabbani, Ryan Zarychanski, Ahmed M. Abou-Setta, Salaheddin M. Mahmud
Abstract
Introduction
Older adults are prioritized for influenza vaccination but also have lowered antibody responses to the vaccine. Higher-doses of influenza antigen may increase immune response and thus be more effective. Our objectives were to compare the efficacy and safety of the high-dose influenza vaccine to the standard-dose influenza vaccine in the elderly (age > 65).
Methods
Data sources: Randomized trials (RCTs) from Medline (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), Cochrane Library (Wiley), ClinicalTrials.gov, reference lists of relevant articles, and gray literature.
Study selection: Two reviewers independently identified RCTs comparing high-dose influenza vaccine (60 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) to standard-dose influenza vaccine (15 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) in adults over the age of 65 years.
Data extraction: Two reviewers independently extracted trial-level data including population characteristics, interventions, outcomes, and funding sources. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool.
Results
We included seven eligible trials; all were categorized as having a low (n=3) or unclear (n=4) risk of bias. Patients receiving the high-dose vaccine had significantly less risk of developing laboratory-confirmed influenza infections (Relative Risk 0.76, 95%CI 0.65 to 0.90; I2 0%, 2 trials, 41,141 patients). Post-vaccination geometric mean titres and seroprotection rates were also higher in high-dose vaccine recipients. There were no protocol-defined serious adverse events in the included trials in either group.
Conclusions
In elderly adults, the high-dose influenza vaccine was well-tolerated, more immunogenic, and more efficacious in preventing influenza infections than the standard-dose vaccine. Further pragmatic trials are needed to determine if the higher efficacy translates into higher vaccine effectiveness in adults over the age of 65.

Vaccine
Volume 35, Issue 21, Pages 2767-2870 (15 May 2017)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0264410X/35/21

Vaccines are different: A systematic review of budget impact analyses of vaccines
Review Article
Pages 2781-2793
Priscilla Magalhaes Loze, Luciana Bertholim Nasciben, Ana Marli Christovam Sartori, Alexander Itria, Hillegonda Maria Dutilh Novaes, Patrícia Coelho de Soárez
Abstract
Introduction
Several countries require manufacturers to present a budget impact analysis (BIA), together with a cost-effectiveness analysis, to support national funding requests. However, guidelines for conducting BIA of vaccines are scarce.
Objectives
To analyze the methodological approaches used in published budget impact analysis (BIA) of vaccines, discussing specific methodological issues related to vaccines.
Material and methods
This systematic review of the literature on BIA of vaccines was carried out in accordance with the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination – CRD guidelines. We searched multiple databases: MedLine, Embase, Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS), Cochrane Library, DARE Database, NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED), HTA Database (via Centre for Reviews and Dissemination – CRD), and grey literature. Two researchers, working independently, selected the studies and extracted the data. The methodology quality of individual studies was assessed using the ISPOR 2012 Budget Impact Analysis Good Practice II Task Force. A qualitative narrative synthesis was conducted.
Results
Twenty-two studies were reviewed. The most frequently evaluated vaccines were pneumococcal (41%), influenza (23%) and rotavirus (18%). The target population was stated in 21 studies (95%) and the perspective was clear in 20 (91%). Only 36% reported the calculations used to complete the BIA, 27% informed the total and disaggregated costs for each time period, and 9% showed the change in resource use for each time period. More than half of the studies (55%, n = 12) reported less than 50% of the items recommended in the checklist.
Conclusions
The production of BIA of vaccines has increased from 2009. The report of the methodological steps was unsatisfactory, making it difficult to assess the validity of the results presented. Vaccines specific issues should be discussed in international guidelines for BIA of vaccines, to improve the quality of the studies.

Vaccine
Volume 35, Issue 21, Pages 2767-2870 (15 May 2017)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0264410X/35/21

Vaccine preferences and acceptance of older adults
Original Research Article
Pages 2823-2830
Eilers, H.E. de Melker, J. Veldwijk, P.F.M. Krabbe
Abstract
Background
Expanding vaccination programs for the older population might be important as older adults are becoming a larger proportion of the general population. The aim of this study is to determine the relative importance of vaccine and disease specific characteristics and acceptance for Dutch older adults, including pneumococcal disease, herpes zoster, pertussis vaccination, and influenza vaccination.
Methods
A discrete choice experiment was conducted to generate choice data that was analyzed using a mixed multinomial logit statistical model.
Results
Important factors that were associated with vaccination acceptance in older adults are high mortality risk of the infectious disease, high susceptibility of getting the infectious disease, and high vaccine effectiveness. Age, influenza vaccination in 2013 and self-perceived health score were identified as personal factors that affect vaccine preference. Potential vaccination rates of older adults were estimated at 68.1% for pneumococcal vaccination, 58.1% for herpes zoster vaccination, 53.9% for pertussis vaccination and 54.3% for influenza vaccination. For persons aged 50–65, potential vaccination rates were estimated at 58.1% for pneumococcal vaccination, 49.5% for herpes zoster vaccination, 43.9% for pertussis vaccination and 42.2% for influenza vaccination. For persons aged 65 and older, these were respectively 76.2%, 67.5%, 57.5% and 65.5%.
Discussion
Our results suggest that older adults are most likely to accept pneumococcal vaccination of the four vaccines. Information provision accompanied with the implementation of a new vaccine has to be tailored for the individual and the vaccine it concerns. Special attention is needed to ensure high uptake among persons aged 50–65 years.

Vaccine
Volume 35, Issue 21, Pages 2767-2870 (15 May 2017)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0264410X/35/21

The effects of convenience and quality on the demand for vaccination: Results from a discrete choice experiment
Original Research Article
Pages 2848-2854
Na Guo, Guojie Zhang, Dawei Zhu, Jian Wang, Luwen Shi
Abstract
Background
Vaccination is an effective way to prevent infectious diseases. Most studies analysed people’s vaccine decisions, but few studies have analysed the effects of convenience such as immunisation schedule and distance and the quality of vaccination service on vaccination uptake.
Objective
The aim of this paper was to investigate adults’ preferences for convenience and quality of vaccination service, calculate the private economic benefit from convenience (vaccination schedule and distance) and quality, and predict the uptake rate for different vaccine scenarios.
Methods
In our study, we interviewed 266 adults in 2 counties of Shandong province in China. The discrete choice experiment (DCE) was employed to analyse the preference for hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination, and a mixed logit model was used to estimate respondent preferences for vaccination attributes included in the DCE.
Results
The protection rate against hepatitis B (HB), duration of protection, risk of side effects, vaccination cost, schedule, and vaccination sites were proved to influence adults’ preferences for HBV vaccination. The estimated willingness to pay (WTP) for 1 dose schedule instead of 3 doses and for a third-level vaccination site instead of a first-level site was almost equal (19 RMB). However, if the protection duration of the vaccination programme changed from 5 years to 20 years, the adults were willing to pay 35.05 RMB, and WTP for a 99% protection rate instead of a 79% rate was 67.71 RMB. The predicted uptake rate is almost 43% for the base case of HBV vaccination.
Conclusions
Adults made trade-offs between vaccination schedules, vaccination sites, and other characteristics of HBV vaccine. The impact of attributes of the vaccine itself, especially protection rate against HB, duration of protection, and risk of side-effects, is more dramatic than convenience and quality of vaccination service.

From Google Scholar & other sources: Selected Journal Articles, Newsletters, Dissertations, Theses, Commentary

Journal of Community Health
First Online: 21 April 2017  DOI: 10.1007/s10900-017-0361-4
Factors Associated with HPV Vaccination in Young Males
KM Fuller, L Hinyard –
Abstract
Human papilloma virus (HPV) affects both men and women; however, recommendations for HPV vaccination among men were not issued in the United States until 2011. The purpose of this study was to describe and compare characteristics of men who did and did not report receiving at least one dose of the HPV vaccine. Data from the ten states that completed the HPV vaccination module in the 2013 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) were included in the study. Young men ages 18–26 were included (N = 1624). Categorical variables were compared between those who did and did not receive the HPV vaccine using Chi square. Logistic regression was used to examine the odds of HPV vaccination by the above factors. Only 16.5% of men reported at least one dose of HPV vaccine. Having health insurance, having a primary doctor, and receiving an HIV test were predictive of HPV vaccination. Men in Texas were more likely to report HPV vaccination than all other states. Overall, HPV vaccination is low in men. Targeted interventions for improving HPV vaccination rates in men are warranted, especially for those without health insurance or a routine source of care.

Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique
2017 Apr 12. pii: S0398-7620(17)30299-7. doi: 10.1016/j.respe.2017.01.119. [Epub ahead of print]
[Human papillomaviruses vaccination: Parental awareness and acceptance of the vaccine for children in Lower Normandy schools and informative campaign during the 2015-2016 school year]
[Article in French]
Eve S1, Pham AD2, Blaizot X3, Turck M4, Raginel T5.
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
The vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) can be administered starting at the age of 9 years. Parents thus play a major role in the choice of vaccination. The objective of this study was to investigate parental awareness about anti-HPV vaccination in Lower Normandy and to measure their vaccinal intentions before an informative campaign.
METHODS:
The study population included parents of children aged 10-11 years enrolled in school (2015-2016) in Lower Normandy, France. The initial study was observational and descriptive. With the agreement of the academic directors, 16 middle schools were selected. A questionnaire was delivered to the school children and collected in September 2015 by the school nurses.
RESULTS:
Within the selected middle schools, 1427 questionnaires were delivered. School nurses collected 1168 questionnaires (81.9%) among which 1155 could be analyzed because they contained answers (80.9%). Out of 575 girls aged 10-11 years, 523 (91.0%) were not vaccinated against HPV. Among parents of non-vaccinated schoolgirls who answered, 48.4% did not know if they intended to have their children vaccinated (251 of 519 questionnaires). There was a significant association between the socio-professional status of the parents who answered and their intention to vaccinate their daughters against HPV (P=0.03). Parents were significantly more likely to immunize their children when they previously knew about the vaccine (P<0.001) and when they had good knowledge about the vaccine (P<0.05). Parents who previously had their daughters vaccinated were also significantly more likely to have their sons vaccinated against HPV (P<0.001).
CONCLUSION:
The significant association between knowledge about the vaccine and intentions to have their children vaccinated allows us to predict the effectiveness of information campaigns on vaccination rates.

Media/Policy Watch
This watch section is intended to alert readers to substantive news, analysis and opinion from the general media and selected think tanks and similar organizations on vaccines, immunization, global public health and related themes. Media Watch is not intended to be exhaustive, but indicative of themes and issues CVEP is actively tracking. This section will grow from an initial base of newspapers, magazines and blog sources, and is segregated from Journal Watch above which scans the peer-reviewed journal ecology.

We acknowledge the Western/Northern bias in this initial selection of titles and invite suggestions for expanded coverage. We are conservative in our outlook in adding news sources which largely report on primary content we are already covering above. Many electronic media sources have tiered, fee-based subscription models for access. We will provide full-text where content is published without restriction, but most publications require registration and some subscription level.

Forbes
http://www.forbes.com/
Accessed 29 April 2017
She Didn’t Get A Flu Shot, So NYU Fired Her From A Position She’d Held For 36 Years
Rita Rubin, Contributor
Apr 26, 2017
Psychologist Leonore Tiefer lost her unpaid position at NYU because she did not comply with a new policy mandating that all employees get immunized to prevent the spread of flu to patients. Tiefer didn’t see patients, and her case raises questions about the ethics of such policies.

Foreign Policy
http://foreignpolicy.com/
Accessed 29 April 2017
First-Ever Malaria Vaccine To Begin Tests Next Year
24 April 2017

Huffington Post
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/
Accessed 29 April 2017
Flavia Bustreo: Embrace The Facts About Vaccines, Not The Myths 
1.5 million children still die annually from vaccine-preventable diseases.
26 April 2017

New York Times
http://www.nytimes.com/
Accessed 29 April 2017
US Facing Shortage of Yellow Fever Vaccine for Travelers
NEW YORK — Americans who need a yellow fever shot for travel may soon have a harder time getting it.
A manufacturing problem has created a shortage of the only version of the vaccine licensed in the U.S. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said Friday that doses could run out as early as next month. Officials are bringing in another vaccine that’s used in other countries, but it will be available at only about 250 of the 4,000 U.S. clinics that give the shot…
April 28, 2017 – By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS

Mystery Deaths in Liberia Linked to Funeral-WHO
April 28, 2017 – By REUTERS
GENEVA — Eleven people have died and five are in hospital, Liberian officials said on Friday, after contracting a mystery illness the World Health Organisation (WHO) said was linked to attendance at the funeral of a religious leader.
“We are still investigating. The only thing we have ruled out is … Ebola,” said Liberia’s Chief Medical Officer Francis Kateh, adding samples from the victims had been sent abroad for further testing.
On Wednesday, the WHO said Liberian health authorities were taking rapid precautionary steps after eight people died of a mystery illness, 10 months after the end of a two-year Ebola virus outbreak.
“It seems all of these people were attending the funeral of a religious leader,” WHO spokeswoman Fadela Chaib told a briefing in Geneva…

Vaccination Gaps Lead to Dangerous Measles Outbreaks in Europe-ECDC
LONDON — Gaps in vaccination coverage against measles have led to several outbreaks of the highly-contagious disease in Europe in the past year, with both children and young adults affected, health officials said on Monday.
During the first two months of 2017, more than 1,500 measles cases were reported from 14 European countries due to “an accumulation of unvaccinated individuals”, said officials from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC).
In 10 countries — Austria, Belgium, Croatia, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Romania, Spain and Sweden — the number of cases reported in January-February 2017 was more than double that of the first two months of 2016.
“It is unacceptable to hear that children and adults are dying from disease where safe and cost-effective vaccines are available,” Vytenis Andriukaitis, the EU’s health commissioner, said in response to the ECDC’s data.
April 24, 2017 – By REUTERS

Wall Street Journal
http://online.wsj.com/home-page?_wsjregion=na,us&_homepage=/home/us
Accessed 29 April 2017
Business
Startup Moderna Shows Promise in Vaccine Trial
By Jonathan D. Rockoff
April 27, 2017 12:00 pm ET
Moderna Therapeutics, the most highly valued startup in health care, said early results from a small trial to treat the avian flu virus with its experimental vaccine showed promise.

Milestones :: Perspectives

Unprecedented progress against neglected tropical diseases, WHO reports
19 April 2017, Geneva

WHO reports remarkable achievements in tackling neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) since 2007. An estimated 1 billion people received treatment in 2015 alone.

“WHO has observed record-breaking progress towards bringing ancient scourges like sleeping sickness and elephantiasis to their knees,” said WHO Director-General, Dr Margaret Chan. “Over the past 10 years, millions of people have been rescued from disability and poverty, thanks to one of the most effective global partnerships in modern public health”.

The WHO report, Integrating neglected tropical diseases in global health and development, demonstrates how strong political support, generous donations of medicines, and improvements in living conditions have led to sustained expansion of disease control programmes in countries where these diseases are most prevalent.

Since 2007, when a group of global partners met to agree to tackle NTDs together, a variety of local and international partners have worked alongside ministries of health in endemic countries to deliver quality-assured medicines, and provide people with care and long-term management.

In 2012, partners endorsed a WHO NTD roadmap, committing additional support and resources to eliminating 10 of the most common NTDs.

Key achievements include:
:: 1 billion people treated for at least one neglected tropical disease in 2015 alone.
:: 556 million people received preventive treatment for lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis).
:: More than 114 million people received treatment for onchocerciasis (river blindness: 62% of those requiring it.
:: Only 25 human cases of Guinea-worm disease were reported in 2016, putting eradication within reach.
:: Cases of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) have been reduced from 37 000 new cases in 1999 to well under 3000 cases in 2015.
:: Trachoma – the world’s leading infectious cause of blindness – has been eliminated as a public health problem in Mexico, Morocco, and Oman. More than 185 000 trachoma patients had surgery for trichiasis worldwide and more than 56 million people received antibiotics in 2015 alone.
:: Visceral leishmaniasis: in 2015 the target for elimination was achieved in 82% of sub-districts in India, 97% of sub-districts in Bangladesh, and in 100% of districts in Nepal.
:: Only 12 reported human deaths were attributable to rabies in the WHO Region of the Americas in 2015, bringing the region close to its target of eliminating rabies in humans by 2015.

However, the report highlights the need to further scale up action in other areas.

“Further gains in the fight against neglected tropical diseases will depend on wider progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals,” said Dr Dirk Engels, Director of the Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases. Meeting global targets for water and sanitation will be key. WHO estimates that 2.4 billion people still lack basic sanitation facilities such as toilets and latrines, while more than 660 million continue to drink water from “unimproved” sources, such as surface water…

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IFPMA   [to 22 April 2017]
http://www.ifpma.org/resources/news-releases/
17 April 2017
Progress report on biopharmaceutical industry contributions to the global fight against Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
:: 109 active R&D projects for NTDs, of which over 90% are collaborative involving over 50 universities, non-governmental organizations and public and private sector institutes.
:: Promising NTD pipeline with 7 compounds targeting American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease), dengue, Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), lymphatic filariasis, rabies, and trachoma.
:: The biopharmaceutical industry continues to deliver on its 2012 pledge of 14 billion donated treatments over 10 years to control or eliminate the ten neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and works with WHO and other partners to implement over 40 capacity building programs.
Geneva, 18 April 2017– On the occasion of the 5th anniversary of the World Health Organization’s roadmap on NTDs and the London Declaration, IFPMA released today its latest report “Doing our part – Innovating to fight Neglected Tropical Diseases” that provides the most up-to-date record of active research and development (R&D) projects for the next generation of medicines and vaccines for NTDs[i]…

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Featured Journal Content

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
http://www.plosntds.org/
(Accessed 22 April 2017)
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases: Ten years of progress in neglected tropical disease control and elimination … More or less
Peter Hotez, Serap Aksoy
Editorial | published 20 Apr 2017 PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005355
Abstract
This year PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases (PLOS NTDs) celebrates its tenth anniversary following the publication of the first issue in 2007 [1]. When PLOS NTDs was founded, the framework of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) as an alternative to “other diseases” (as they were then referred to in the Millennium Development Goals) was just getting started—especially for Africa [2, 3]. In the decade since, PLOS NTDs has overseen enormous successes in NTD control and elimination. Here, we want to briefly review the ten year progress made towards the control or elimination of the diseases now identified by the WHO as NTDs. Many of the details are highlighted in PLOS NTDs papers cited here, but the summary information is based on the recently released Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2015 (also launched with Gates Foundation support) that summarized past-decade changes in disease prevalence, mortality, or disability rates (from the years 2005 to 2015) [4–6], as well as the GBD Study 2013 that summarizes disease prevalence changes over a longer time horizon from 1990 to 2013 [7].

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Financial Times
http://www.ft.com/home/uk
Accessed 22 April 2017
Special Report Neglected Tropical Diseases
18 April 2017
Neglected tropical diseases affect more than a billion people. These diseases of the poor are notorious for their disabling symptoms. Progress has been slow, but the drug industry and communities are redoubling efforts to eliminate treatable conditions

Emergencies

Public Health Emergencies of International Concern (PHEIC)  [to 22 April 2017]

POLIO
Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC)
Polio this week as of 19 April 2017
:: Over the next two weeks, key global meetings will take place to review the global polio epidemiology and examine what additional efforts must be implemented to achieve a lasting polio-free world.  Next week, the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on immunization (SAGE) will meet in Geneva, as well the next meeting of the International Health Regulations (IHR) Emergency Committee on the spread of poliovirus (via teleconference).  These meetings will be followed the week after by the Independent Monitoring Board (IMB), convening in London.

Country Updates [Selected Excerpts]
New cases or environmental samples reported across the monitored country/region settings: Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nigeria, Lake Chad Basin. Guinea and West Africa, and Lao People’s Democratic Republic have been removed from the monitored geographies list.
[No new cases or positive sampling activity reported]

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WHO Grade 3 Emergencies  [to 22 April 2017]
Iraq  – No new announcements identified
Nigeria – No new announcements identified
South Sudan  – No new announcements identified
The Syrian Arab Republic  – No new announcements identified
Yemen – No new announcements identified

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WHO Grade 2 Emergencies  [to 22 April 2017]
Cameroon  – No new announcements identified.
Central African Republic  – No new announcements identified.
Democratic Republic of the Congo – No new announcements identified.
Ethiopia – No new announcements identified.
Libya – No new announcements identified.
Myanmar – No new announcements identified.
Niger  – No new announcements identified.
Ukraine  – No new announcements identified.

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UN OCHA – L3 Emergencies
The UN and its humanitarian partners are currently responding to three ‘L3’ emergencies. This is the global humanitarian system’s classification for the response to the most severe, large-scale humanitarian crises. 
Iraq
:: Iraq: Mosul Humanitarian Response Situation Report No. 29 (10 April to 16 April 2017) [EN/AR]
:: Mosul Humanitarian Crisis, 19 April 2017
OVERVIEW
:: Six months into the military operation to retake Mosul City from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), civilians continue to have significant humanitarian needs. These needs are most severe among displaced families, both in and out of camps, and vulnerable residents in newly accessible areas.
:: On 19 February, Iraqi Security Forces (ISF) resumed military operations to retake western Mosul from ISIL. The humanitarian impact has been significant. Since the new offensive began, approximately 330,000 people from west Mosul have been displaced to camps and emergency sites as of 18 April, according to the Government of Iraq.
:: As of 18 April 2017, an estimated 400,000 people are currently living in displacement as a result of the military operations to retake Mosul, according to government figures. Cumulative displacement from west and east Mosul and surrounds was estimated at 491,000 people as of 18 April by the authorities, and returns at 91,000.
:: An estimated 500,000 people in western neighbourhoods of Mosul city remain largely inaccessible to humanitarians, sheltering from the fighting, or waiting for an opportune time to flee. 400,000 of them are in the old city. Serious concerns remain for the protection of civilians in west Mosul, where food, water, medicine and fuel are running low. Given the narrow streets and high population density in western Mosul city, people are at great risk of being caught in crossfire, and infrastructure is sustaining considerable damage.
:: Trauma casualty rates from Mosul City remain high. From 17 October 2016 to 12 April 2017, close to 6,400 hospital referrals were made from east and west Mosul, including1,900 cases from west Mosul since 18 February.
:: Emergency response packages of food and water are being distributed to families arriving at the Hammam al-Alil screening site from west Mosul. Over 2 million people have received emergency response packages since mid-October.

Syria  
:: 21 Apr 2017  Syrian Arab Republic: IDP Movements in January 2017
:: 16 Apr 2017  Statement on the situation in Aleppo, Syria – UN Humanitarian Chief

Yemen – No new announcements identified.

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Editor’s Note:
We will cluster these recent emergencies as below and continue to monitor the WHO webpages for updates and key developments.

 
Zika virus  [to 22 April 2017]
http://www.who.int/emergencies/zika-virus/en/
[No new digest content identified]
 

MERS-CoV [to 22 April 2017]
http://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov/en/
[No new digest content identified]
 

Yellow Fever  [to 22 April 2017]
http://www.who.int/emergencies/yellow-fever/en/
Weekly Epidemiological Record, 21 April 2017, vol. 92, 16 (pp. 193–204)
Eliminate Yellow fever Epidemics (EYE): a global strategy, 2017–2026
 

EBOLA/EVD  [to 22 April 2017]
http://www.who.int/ebola/en/
[No new digest content identified]

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WHO & Regional Offices [to 22 April 2017]

World Immunization Week, 24-30 April
Immunization saves millions of lives and is widely recognized as one of the world’s most successful and cost-effective health interventions.

World Malaria Day, 25 April 2017
WHO Publication:
Malaria prevention works: let’s close the gap
Number of pages: 28
Publication date: 2017 :: 28 pages
WHO reference number: WHO/HMT/GMP/2017.6
Overview
On World Malaria Day 2017, WHO is placing a special focus on prevention, a critical strategy for reducing the burden of a disease that continues to kill more than 400 000 people annually.
This new report offers a brief summary of WHO-recommended tools in the malaria prevention arsenal. It is divided into 2 parts: the first chapter focuses on core vector control measures, and the second on preventive treatment strategies for the most vulnerable groups in Africa. It addresses a key biological threat – mosquito resistance to insecticides – and highlights the need for new anti-malaria tools.
[See HIH Announcement below]

Urgent response needed for viral hepatitis
21 April 2017 – New WHO data reveal that an estimated 325 million people worldwide are living with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The WHO Global hepatitis report, 2017 indicates that the large majority of these people lack access to life-saving testing and treatment. As a result, millions of people are at risk of a slow progression to chronic liver disease, cancer, and death.

Preventing malaria during pregnancy in Africa
21 April 2017 – Approximately 52 million pregnant women living in sub-Saharan Africa are at risk of exposure to malaria each year. A key preventive therapy – known as intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) – has been added to the antenatal care package in response. An estimated 69% of pregnant women are not receiving the full cycle of IPTp however, a gap which must be urgently closed.

.

Highlights
Tobacco: China’s addiction
April 2017 – Smoking-related diseases are on track to claim more than 200 million lives in China this century, a new joint WHO/UNDP report warns. The majority of these deaths will occur in China’s poorest and most vulnerable communities unless critical steps are taken to reduce China’s dependency on tobacco.

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Weekly Epidemiological Record, 21 April 2017, vol. 92, 16 (pp. 193–204)
Eliminate Yellow fever Epidemics (EYE): a global strategy, 2017–2026

::::::

WHO Regional Offices
Selected Press Releases, Announcements
WHO African Region AFRO
:: High level calls for vaccinations for all : Immunization partners and countries celebrate African Vaccination Week
Brazzaville /N’Djamena, 22 April 2017 – UN agencies, high level government officials, immunization partners and community leaders, with the support of the Organization of African First Ladies against AIDS (OAFLA) are launching today the African Vaccination Week (AVW), urging all people to protect their health by getting vaccinated..

WHO Region of the Americas PAHO
:: Vaccination Week in the Americas celebrates 15 years (04/20/2017)
:: Unprecedented progress against neglected tropical diseases reported (04/19/2017)
:: Regulating marketing of alcohol can help reduce consumption, harm (04/18/2017)

WHO South-East Asia Region SEARO
:: WHO South-East Asia countries pledge inclusive approaches for autism 21 April 2017

WHO European Region EURO
:: Vaccination protects health at every stage of life 21-04-2017
:: Inspiration tour to North Karelia: 45 successful years of reducing coronary heart disease mortality the community way 21-04-2017
:: Neglected tropical diseases: Collaborate Accelerate Eliminate 19-04-2017

WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region EMRO
:: WHO increases support for cancer patients, the forgotten casualties of the Syrian war13 April 2017
:: WHO welcomes support from Government of Brazil to Syria health response  13 April, 2017
:: WHO’s Regional Director launches National Immunization Week in Lebanon  10 April 2017

WHO Western Pacific Region
No new digest content identified.

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CDC/ACIP [to 22 April 2017]
http://www.cdc.gov/media/index.html
 No new digest content identified

Announcements

NIH  [to 22 April 2017]
http://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases
April 21, 2017
NIH Funds Seven International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research
The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health, today announced approximately $9 million in first-year funding, subject to availability, for seven malaria research centers around the world. The 7-year awards continue NIAID’s 2010 program that created the International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research (ICEMRs) in regions where malaria is endemic. The awards fund three new and four existing centers that work in 14 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America.
The recipients of the ICEMR awards announced today are as follows:
:: Amazonian Center of Excellence in Malaria Research
Principal Investigator: Joseph Vinetz, M.D.
Lead Institution: University of California, San Diego

:: Multidisciplinary Research for Malaria Control and Prevention in West Africa*
Principal Investigator: Seydou Doumbia, M.D., Ph. D.
Lead Institution: University of Sciences, Techniques & Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali

:: Malaria Transmission and the Impact of Control Efforts in Southern and Central Africa
Principal Investigator: William Moss, M.D.
Lead Institution: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore

:: Program for Resistance, Immunology, Surveillance & Modeling of Malaria in Uganda (PRISM)
Principal Investigator: Grant Dorsey, M.D.
:: Environmental Modifications in sub-Saharan Africa: Changing Epidemiology, Transmission and Pathogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax Malaria*
Principal Investigator: Guiyun Yan, Ph.D.
Lead Institution: University of California, Irvine

:: Southeast Asia Malaria Research Center
Principal Investigator: Liwang Cui, Ph.D.
Lead Institution: Pennsylvania State University, University Park

:: Myanmar Regional Center of Excellence for Malaria Research*
Principal Investigators: Christopher Plowe, M.D., M.P.H., and Myaing Myaing Nyunt, M.D., M.P.H., Ph.D.
Lead Institution: University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore

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IAVI – International AIDS Vaccine Initiative   [to 22 April 2017]
https://www.iavi.org/
IAVI REPORT – VOL. 21, NO. 1, 2017
This issue of IAVI Report marks an important milestone—it ushers the publication into its third decade.
Much has changed in HIV research during the last 20 years. Life-saving antiretroviral therapy works remarkably well, new prevention approaches such as pre-exposure prophylaxis have been proven highly effective, and vaccine research is progressing both clinically, with a recently launched efficacy trial, and pre-clinically, with several candidates being designed to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies.
The style of IAVI Report has changed quite dramatically too. The content is broader, with coverage of more diverse vaccine-related issues and HIV prevention efforts at large. There are also many new features that were introduced over the years, among them the beautiful scientific images that grace the cover…

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UNAIDS  [to 22 April 2017]
http://www.unaids.org/
Selected Press Releases & Updates
Update
The living legacy of the Global Plan
20 April 2017
The Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (JAIDS) has released a special supplement on the incredible journey of the Global plan towards the elimination of new HIV infections among children by 2015 and keeping their mothers alive (Global Plan), which documents the history of the Global Plan and outlines what the future holds as efforts to end AIDS among women, children and adolescents accelerate…

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European Medicines Agency  [to 22 April 2017]
http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/
21/04/2017
Meeting highlights from the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) 18-21 April 2017
Eleven medicines recommended for approval, including four orphans

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European Vaccine Initiative  [to 22 April 2017]
http://www.euvaccine.eu/news-events
18 April 2017
The meeting report from the EDUFLUVAC workshop on “Immunoassay standardisation for universal influenza vaccines” is now online.

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Global Fund [to 22 April 2017]
http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/news/?topic=&type=NEWS;&country=
News
Global Fund Names Rutger de Witt Wijnen Interim General Counsel
21 April 2017
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria today announced that with effect from 1 June 2017, Rutger de Witt Wijnen will become Interim General Counsel at the Global Fund.
De Witt Wijnen, currently General Counsel at Green Climate Fund, has more than 30 years of experience as an attorney and has held varied private and public legal responsibilities in Europe, North America and Asia. He takes over the position of Gülen Newton, who left earlier this year.

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Wellcome Trust  [to 22 April 2017]
https://wellcome.ac.uk/news

News / Published: 20 April 2017 Infectious disease and the immune system
New types of blood cells discovered
Scientists have identified new classes of cells in the human immune system. 
The cells are new classes of types of white blood cells called dendritic cells and monocytes. Researchers have identified two new dendritic cell subtypes and two monocyte subtypes. They have also discovered a new dendritic cell progenitor.
Wellcome-funded researchers used a technique called single-cell genomics to analyse gene expression patterns in individual human blood cells. Previously, different types of immune cells were investigated and defined by the set of marker proteins that they express on their surface. This new technique is much more powerful and can reveal previously unrecognised and rare cell types that would be otherwise difficult to find.
Dendritic cells display molecules called antigens on their surfaces. These molecules are recognised by T cells which then mount an immune response. Monocytes are the largest type of white blood cell and can develop into macrophages that digest debris in our cells.
Divya Shah, from Wellcome’s Infection and Immunobiology team, says: “Two important white blood cell types in our bodies help defend us from infection – dendritic cells and monocytes. In this study, scientists have used cutting-edge technologies to find that there are many more types of cell than we originally thought. The next step is to find out what each of these cell types do in our immune system, both when we’re healthy and during disease.”…

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Journal Watch
   Vaccines and Global Health: The Week in Review continues its weekly scanning of key peer-reviewed journals to identify and cite articles, commentary and editorials, books reviews and other content supporting our focus on vaccine ethics and policy. Journal Watch is not intended to be exhaustive, but indicative of themes and issues the Center is actively tracking. We selectively provide full text of some editorial and comment articles that are specifically relevant to our work. Successful access to some of the links provided may require subscription or other access arrangement unique to the publisher.

If you would like to suggest other journal titles to include in this service, please contact David Curry at: david.r.curry@centerforvaccineethicsandpolicy.org

BMC Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation
http://resource-allocation.biomedcentral.com/
(Accessed 22 April 2017)

Methodology
Defining a staged-based process for economic and financial evaluations of mHealth programs
Mobile and wireless technology for health (mHealth) has the potential to improve health outcomes by addressing critical health systems constraints that impede coverage, utilization, and effectiveness of health…
Amnesty E. LeFevre, Samuel D. Shillcutt, Sean Broomhead, Alain B. Labrique and Tom Jones
Published on: 17 April 2017

BMC Health Services Research
http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmchealthservres/content
(Accessed 22 April 2017)

Study protocol
Protocole of a controlled before-after evaluation of a national health information technology-based program to improve healthcare coordination and access to information
Improvement of coordination of all health and social care actors in the patient pathways is an important issue in many countries. Health Information (HI) technology has been considered as a potentially effecti…
Florence Saillour-Glénisson, Sylvie Duhamel, Emmanuelle Fourneyron, Laetitia Huiart, Jean Philippe Joseph, Emmanuel Langlois, Stephane Pincemail, Viviane Ramel, Thomas Renaud, Tamara Roberts, Matthieu Sibé, Frantz Thiessard, Jerome Wittwer and Louis Rachid Salmi
BMC Health Services Research 2017 17:297
Published on: 21 April 2017

BMC Public Health
http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles
(Accessed 22 April 2017)

Research article
Progress in vaccination towards hepatitis B control and elimination in the Region of the Americas
Alba Maria Ropero Álvarez, Silvia Pérez-Vilar, Carmelita Pacis-Tirso, Marcela Contreras, Nathalie El Omeiri, Cuauhtémoc Ruiz-Matus and Martha Velandia-González
BMC Public Health 2017 17:325
Published on: 17 April 2017
Abstract
Background
Over recent decades, the Region of the Americas has made significant progress towards hepatitis B elimination. We summarize the countries/territories’ efforts in introducing and implementing hepatitis B (HB) vaccination and in evaluating its impact on HB virus seroprevalence.
Methods
We collected information about HB vaccination schedules, coverage estimates, and year of vaccine introduction from countries/territories reporting to the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) through the WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form on Immunization. We obtained additional information regarding countries/territories vaccination recommendations and strategies through communications with Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) managers and national immunization survey reports. We identified vaccine impact studies conducted and published in the Americas.
Results
As of October 2016, all 51 countries/territories have included infant HB vaccination in their official immunization schedule. Twenty countries, whose populations represent over 90% of the Region’s births, have included nationwide newborn HB vaccination. We estimated at 89% and 75%, the regional three-dose series and the birth dose HB vaccination coverage, respectively, for 2015. The impact evaluations of infant HB immunization programs in the Region have shown substantial reductions in HB surface antigen (HBsAg) seroprevalence.
Conclusion
The achievements of vaccination programs in the Americas suggest that the elimination of perinatal and early childhood HB transmission could be feasible in the short-term. Moreover, the data gathered indicate that the Region may have already achieved the 2020 WHO goal for HB control.

Health Research Policy and Systems
http://www.health-policy-systems.com/content
[Accessed 22 April 2017]

Review
Operations research in global health: a scoping review with a focus on the themes of health equity and impact
Beverly D. Bradley, Tiffany Jung, Ananya Tandon-Verma, Bassem Khoury, Timothy C. Y. Chan and Yu-Ling Cheng
Published on: 18 April 2017
Abstract
Background
Operations research (OR) is a discipline that uses advanced analytical methods (e.g. simulation, optimisation, decision analysis) to better understand complex systems and aid in decision-making.
Summary
Herein, we present a scoping review of the use of OR to analyse issues in global health, with an emphasis on health equity and research impact. A systematic search of five databases was designed to identify relevant published literature. A global overview of 1099 studies highlights the geographic distribution of OR and common OR methods used. From this collection of literature, a narrative description of the use of OR across four main application areas of global health – health systems and operations, clinical medicine, public health and health innovation – is also presented. The theme of health equity is then explored in detail through a subset of 44 studies. Health equity is a critical element of global health that cuts across all four application areas, and is an issue particularly amenable to analysis through OR. Finally, we present seven select cases of OR analyses that have been implemented or have influenced decision-making in global health policy or practice. Based on these cases, we identify three key drivers for success in bridging the gap between OR and global health policy, namely international collaboration with stakeholders, use of contextually appropriate data, and varied communication outlets for research findings. Such cases, however, represent a very small proportion of the literature found.
Conclusion
Poor availability of representative and quality data, and a lack of collaboration between those who develop OR models and stakeholders in the contexts where OR analyses are intended to serve, were found to be common challenges for effective OR modelling in global health.

Health Research Policy and Systems
http://www.health-policy-systems.com/content
[Accessed 22 April 2017]

Opinion
Understanding relevance of health research: considerations in the context of research impact assessment
Mark J. Dobrow, Fiona A. Miller, Cy Frank and Adalsteinn D. Brown
Published on: 17 April 2017
Abstract
Background
With massive investment in health-related research, above and beyond investments in the management and delivery of healthcare and public health services, there has been increasing focus on the impact of health research to explore and explain the consequences of these investments and inform strategic planning. Relevance is reflected by increased attention to the usability and impact of health research, with research funders increasingly engaging in relevance assessment as an input to decision processes. Yet, it is unclear whether relevance is a synonym for or predictor of impact, a necessary condition or stage in achieving it, or a distinct aim of the research enterprise. The main aim of this paper is to improve our understanding of research relevance, with specific objectives to (1) unpack research relevance from both theoretical and practical perspectives, and (2) outline key considerations for its assessment.
Approach
Our approach involved the scholarly strategy of review and reflection. We prepared a draft paper based on an exploratory review of literature from various fields, and gained from detailed and insightful analysis and critique at a roundtable discussion with a group of key health research stakeholders. We also solicited review and feedback from a small sample of expert reviewers.
Conclusions
Research relevance seems increasingly important in justifying research investments and guiding strategic research planning. However, consideration of relevance has been largely tacit in the health research community, often depending on unexplained interpretations of value, fit and potential for impact. While research relevance seems a necessary condition for impact – a process or component of efforts to make rigorous research usable – ultimately, relevance stands apart from research impact. Careful and explicit consideration of research relevance is vital to gauge the overall value and impact of a wide range of individual and collective research efforts and investments. To improve understanding, this paper outlines four key considerations, including how research relevance assessments (1) orientate to, capture and compare research versus non-research sources, (2) consider both instrumental versus non-instrumental uses of research, (3) accommodate dynamic temporal-shifting perspectives on research, and (4) align with an intersubjective understanding of relevance.

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics (formerly Human Vaccines)
Volume 13, Issue 4, 2017
http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/khvi20/current

Review
Immune persistence after pertussis vaccination
Zhiyun Chen & Qiushui He
Pages: 744-756
Published online: 03 Jan 2017
ABSTRACT
Pertussis is one of the most prevalent vaccine-preventable diseases worldwide. The true infection rate is significantly higher than the reported incidence rate. An increased prevalence of pertussis in older populations has been found, mainly caused by waning immunity after vaccination. Vaccine-induced immunity differs due to variation in vaccine content, schedule and coverage. Protection following acellular pertussis vaccines has been suggested to wane faster than whole cell pertussis vaccines. However, long-term immune persistence of whole cell pertussis vaccines may be confounded by a progressive acquisition of natural immunity. The World Health Organization has recommended that a switch from whole cell to acellular pertussis vaccines for primary immunization in infants should only be considered if additional periodic boosters or maternal immunization can be ensured and sustained in the national immunization schedules. In this review, we present data on immune persistence after different pertussis vaccinations and compare the findings from countries with different vaccination strategies. Future aspects in serological studies are briefly discussed