::::::
Organization Announcements
Editor’s Note:
Careful readers will note that the number and range of organizations now monitored in our Announcements section below has grown as the impacts of the pandemic have spread across global economies, supply chains and programmatic activity of multilateral agencies and INGOs.
Airfinity [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://www.airfinity.com/insights
INSIGHTS & COMPANY NEWS
No new digest content identified.
Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://alleninstitute.org/news-press/
News
News from the Allen Institute: March 2022
March 2, 2022
Highlights include: our 2021 annual report, announcing our incoming President and CEO Rui Costa, 23 Allen Distinguished Investigators announced, upcoming events and more.
BMGF – Gates Foundation [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://www.gatesfoundation.org/ideas/media-center
Press Releases and Statements
No new digest content identified.
Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://www.gatesmri.org/news
The Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute is a non-profit biotech organization. Our mission is to develop products to fight malaria, tuberculosis, and diarrheal diseases—three major causes of mortality, poverty, and inequality in developing countries. The world has unprecedented scientific tools at its disposal; now is the time to use them to save the lives of the world’s poorest people
No new digest content identified.
CARB-X [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://carb-x.org/
News
No new digest content identified.
Center for Vaccine Ethics and Policy – GE2P2 Global Foundation [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://centerforvaccineethicsandpolicy.net/
News/Analysis/Statements
:: Informed Consent: A Monthly Review – March 2022 is now posted here
:: Past weekly editions and posting of all segments of Vaccines and Global Health: The Week in Review are available here.
:: Statement on ICF [Informed Consent Form] Posting for Clinical Trials Involving Gene Editing/Gene Therapies – Invitation to Endorse
CEPI – Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations [to 05 Mar 2022]
http://cepi.net/
Latest News
No new digest content identified.
DARPA – Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency [U.S.] [to 05 Mar 2022
https://www.darpa.mil/news
News
No new digest content identified.
Duke Global Health Innovation Center [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://dukeghic.org/
Our Blog
No new digest content identified.
EDCTP [to 05 Mar 2022]
http://www.edctp.org/
The European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP) aims to accelerate the development of new or improved drugs, vaccines, microbicides and diagnostics against HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria as well as other poverty-related and neglected infectious diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, with a focus on phase II and III clinical trials
News
No new digest content identified.
Emory Vaccine Center [to 05 Mar 2022]
http://www.vaccines.emory.edu/
Vaccine Center News
No new digest content identified.
European Vaccine Initiative [to 05 Mar 2022]
http://www.euvaccine.eu/
Latest News, Events
No new digest content identified.
Evidence Aid [to 05 Mar 2022]
Evidence Aid aims to save lives and livelihoods in disasters by providing decision-makers with the best available evidence and by championing its use.
http://www.evidenceaid.org/
New Resources
Barriers and facilitators affecting HIV care for migrant people living with HIV in Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) countries Added March 4, 2022
Health impact and risk factors affecting women in south and southeast Asia following disasters caused by natural hazards Added March 2, 2022
Clinical practice guidelines for pharmacologic treatments of hospitalized COVID-19 patients: assessment of quality and trustworthiness (search up to 28 February 2021) Added February 28, 2022
Fondation Merieux [to 05 Mar 2022]
http://www.fondation-merieux.org/
News, Events
Mérieux Foundation co-organized event
7th Meeting of the GTFCC Working Group on WASH
March 9 – 10, 2022 – Hybrid Event – Virtual & Les Pensières Center for Global Health, Veyrier-du-Lac (France)
The 7th Meeting of the Global Task Force for Cholera Control (GTFCC) Working Group on WASH will be held from March 9-10, 2022.
Gavi [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://www.gavi.org/
News Releases
No new digest content identified.
GHIT Fund [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://www.ghitfund.org/newsroom/press
No new digest content identified.
Global Fund [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://www.theglobalfund.org/en/news/
News & Stories
Introducing Project STELLAR
04 March 2022
Diagnostics play an essential role in the fight against COVID-19 for effective patient management, infection prevention and control, and disease surveillance. In order to support countries and help them to achieve WHO and Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator (ACT-A) targets for COVID-19 diagnostics, the Global Fund has introduced Project STELLAR – Scaling-up Testing and Strengthening Lab Systems.
As one of the centrally managed limited investment (CMLI) projects under the COVID-19 Response Mechanism (C19RM), Project STELLAR has been created to support a group of African countries in maximizing the impact of C19RM resources, to rapidly scale up COVID-19 testing and galvanize longer term strengthening of laboratory systems.
With an initial investment of US$9.86 million, the project will cover the following interventions that should be implemented by December 2023:
improve national diagnostic governance;
scale up and increase coverage for COVID-19 testing and surveillance;
and strengthen data management.
Global Research Collaboration for Infectious Disease Preparedness [GloPID-R] [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://www.glopid-r.org/news/
News
No new digest content identified.
Hilleman Laboratories [to 05 Mar 2022]
http://www.hilleman-labs.org/
News & Insights
No new digest content identified
HHMI – Howard Hughes Medical Institute [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://www.hhmi.org/news
Press Room
Research Mar 1 2022
Viral Cover-Up: SARS-CoV-2 Cap Offers New Target for Antivirals
Before it can wreak havoc in human cells, the virus that causes COVID-19 must hide the tip of its genetic material. By delving into how the virus puts on this disguise, researchers have identified a unique way to fight it.
Human Vaccines Project [to 05 Mar 2022]
http://www.humanvaccinesproject.org/
News
HVP COVID Report
Mar 03, 2022
Steven Deeks: What We Know—or Mostly Don’t Know—about Long COVID
IAVI [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://www.iavi.org/
Latest News
No new digest content identified
ICRC [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://www.icrc.org/en/whats-new
What’s New
Statement on safe passage operations in Ukraine
We understand that the safe passage operations from Mariupol and Volnovakha will not start today.We remain in dialogue with the parties about the safe passage of civilians from different cities affected by the conflict.
05-03-2022 | News release
Ukraine: Amid mounting human cost, parties must uphold international humanitarian law
Statement by ICRC President Peter Maurer, “We are seeing a devastating humanitarian crisis unfold in Ukraine.
04-03-2022 | News release
‘Whether Afghanistan, Syria or Ukraine: IHL is the line between barbarity and our common humanity’ – ICRC President Peter Maurer
This statement was delivered by Peter Maurer, President of the International Committee of the Red Cross, on the 1 March 2022 at the High Level Segment of the 49th Session of the Human Rights Council.
01-03-2022 | Statement
International Coalition of Medicines Regulatory Authorities [ICMRA]
http://www.icmra.info/drupal/en/news
Selected Statements, Press Releases, Research
No new digest content identified.
IFFIm
http://www.iffim.org/
Press Releases/Announcements
No new digest content identified.
IFRC [to 05 Mar 2022]
http://media.ifrc.org/ifrc/news/press-releases/
Selected Press Releases, Announcements
01/03/2022
Red Cross Red Crescent humanitarian leaders agree on a road map to alleviate the suffering in MENA
01/03/2022
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement appeals for 250 million Swiss francs to assist people affected by Ukraine conflict
28 February 2022
Red Cross providing life-saving assistance for hundreds of thousands displaced from Ukraine
Institut Pasteur [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://www.pasteur.fr/en/press-area
Press Documents
No new digest content identified.
IOM / International Organization for Migration [to 05 Mar 2022]
http://www.iom.int/press-room/press-releases
News – Selected
04 Mar 2022
IOM Ukraine Response Update
03 Mar 2022
IOM and AU Sign New 3-Year Agreement to Strengthen Migration Policies and Frameworks in Africa
01 Mar 2022
IOM Scales Up Response to Ukraine Crisis and Appeals for Inclusive Protection Measures
ISC / International Science Council [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://council.science/current/
ISC is a non-governmental organization with a unique global membership that brings together 40 international scientific Unions and Associations and over 140 national and regional scientific organizations including Academies and Research Councils.
News Blogs Podcasts
Statements and resources on the current conflict in Ukraine
01.03.2022
IVAC [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/ivac/index.html
Updates; Events
MCHI Course: “The COVID-19 Response in India: Impact on Women and Children’s Health and Wellbeing”
March 2022
IVI [to 05 Mar 2022]
http://www.ivi.int/
IVI News & Announcements
No new digest content identified.
Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/news/center-news/
Center News
No new digest content identified.
MSF/Médecins Sans Frontières [to 05 Mar 2022]
http://www.msf.org/
Latest [Selected Announcements]
War in Ukraine
Civilians must be allowed safe passage out of dire conditions in Mariupol
Project Update 5 Mar 2022
War in Ukraine
Accessing areas most affected by fighting in Ukraine
Interview 3 Mar 2022
Madagascar
Cyclones cut people off from healthcare in eastern Madagascar
Project Update 2 Mar 2022
South Sudan
Access to medical care undermined following robbery of MSF staff in Yei
Press Release 1 Mar 2022
Ukraine
MSF mobilises response in Ukraine and nearby countries as conflict escalates
Project Update 1 Mar 2022
National Academy of Sciences – USA [to 05 Mar 2022]
http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/
News
No new digest content identified.
National Vaccine Program Office – U.S. HHS [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://www.hhs.gov/vaccines/about/index.html
Upcoming Meetings/Latest Updates
Vaccines Federal Implementation Plan 2021-2025
On Wednesday March 2, 2022, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) published a Request for Information (RFI) to solicit stakeholder written public comments on the draft Vaccines Federal Implementation Plan 2021-2025- PDF*. HHS values input from all stakeholders and will take all public comments into consideration before finalizing this document.
We encourage your input or comments and ask that you circulate this information to others who may also wish to provide comments. Information about how to provide written public comment is found on HHS.gov and the deadline for submissions is 5 p.m. EST Tuesday March 29, 2022.
The Vaccines Federal Implementation Plan is a companion document to the Vaccines National Strategic Plan 2021-2025 published in January 2021. This plan outlines the federal government’s broad national vaccination goals and offers a framework to eliminate vaccine-preventable diseases through safe and effective vaccination over the lifespan, for both federal agencies and external partners.
The implementation plan focuses on the specific actions that federal agencies can take to further those same national vaccination goals.
NIH [to 05 Mar 2022]
http://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases
News Releases
No new digest content identified.
OECD [to 05 Mar 2022]
http://www.oecd.org/newsroom/publicationsdocuments/bydate/
Newsroom
No new digest content identified.
OXFAM [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://www.oxfam.org/en/
Press Releases
COVID-19 death toll four times higher in lower-income countries than rich ones
3 March 2022
3 million people died since the Omicron variant emerged, shattering perceptions that the pandemic is over
The COVID-19 death toll has been four times higher in lower-income countries than in rich ones, according to a new report published today by Oxfam on behalf of the People’s Vaccine Alliance as the world marks two years since the World Health Organization declared the pandemic.
While the pandemic has been devastating for rich countries like the US and the UK, the world’s poorest countries have been hardest hit, with women and children bearing a disproportionate burden. Lack of testing and reporting means that very large numbers of deaths due to COVID-19 go unreported, especially in the poorest countries. Modelling using measures of excess deaths estimates that 19.6 million people have died because of COVID-19, over three times the official death toll. Based on this analysis, Oxfam calculated that for every death in a high-income country, an estimated four other people have died in a low or lower-middle income country. On a per capita basis, deaths in low and lower middle-income countries are 31 percent higher than high income countries.
Oxfam also calculated that three million COVID-19 deaths have occurred in the three months since the Omicron variant emerged. The figure shatters perceptions that Omicron’s milder illness means the pandemic is coming to an end, as the more contagious variant tears through unvaccinated populations. By some estimates, over half of humanity is set to have been infected with COVID-19 by the end of March 2022. While most cases will be mild, the sheer number of cases means that numbers of deaths remain high.
The report also outlines that:
:: Every minute, four children around the world have lost a parent or caregiver to COVID. In India alone, more than two million children lost a caregiver.
:: Women have been 1.4 times more likely to drop out of the labour force than men because of the pandemic.
:: 99 percent of humanity is worse off because of COVID-19, 160 million people have been pushed into poverty, and 137 million people have lost their jobs…
PATH [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://www.path.org/media-center/
Press Releases
PATH partners with AstraZeneca and Qure.ai to increase lung cancer detection in low-and-middle income countries
March 3, 2022 by PATH
The three organizations will collaborate to apply an innovative artificial intelligence (AI) technology in the interpretation of radiology images to increase early detection of lung cancer and ultimately reduce mortality rates across emerging markets.
Sabin Vaccine Institute [to 05 Mar 2022]
http://www.sabin.org/updates/pressreleases
Statements and Press Releases
No new digest content identified.
UNAIDS [to 05 Mar 2022]
http://www.unaids.org/en
Selected Press Releases/Reports/Statements
3 March 2022
Engaging the EU in the Global Partnership on Zero Discrimination Day
1 March 2022
The case for anti-discrimination legislation in Jamaica
1 March 2022
“An HIV diagnosis should not be a guilty verdict—it’s just a diagnosis”
UNHCR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [to 05 Mar 2022]
http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/media-centre.htmlS
Selected News Releases, Announcements
News Comment: UNHCR welcomes EU decision to offer Temporary Protection to Refugees fleeing Ukraine
This news comment is attributable to Pascale Moreau, Director of the Bureau for Europe, UNHCR
4 Mar 2022
News Comment: 1 million refugees have fled Ukraine in a week
This Statement is attributed to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees Filippo Grandi
3 Mar 2022
UNHCR highlights great progress on refugee vaccine inclusion but inequities hamper rollout
2 Mar 2022
UNHCR mobilizing to aid forcibly displaced in Ukraine and neighbouring countries
1 Mar 2022
News Comment: UNHCR warns of increasing violence and human rights violations at European borders
This statement is attributed to UN High Commissioner for Refugees Filippo Grandi.
21 Feb 2022
UNICEF [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://www.unicef.org/media/press-releases
Press Releases, News Notes, Statements [Selected]
Press release
03/03/2022
One week into conflict in Ukraine, half a million children become refugees
https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/one-week-conflict-ukraine-half-million-children-become-refugees
GENEVA, 3 March 2022 –, The conflict in Ukraine, now in its second week, is exacting a harrowing toll on children, UNICEF warned today. Millions of children could be caught up in the violence as the fighting intensifies in and around the country’s major urban centres. Children are especially vulnerable to being injured or killed when weapons and explosive munitions are…
Remarks
03/01/2022
UNICEF Executive Director Catherine Russell’s remarks at the Joint Launch of the Humanitarian Flash Appeal and Regional Refugee Response Plan, Ukraine
https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/unicef-executive-director-catherine-russells-remarks-joint-launch-humanitarian-flash
NEW YORK, 1 March 2022 -, “The situation facing children and families caught up in the escalating conflict in Ukraine grows worse by the minute. “The fighting is moving closer to civilian populations – closer to children’s homes and schools, to hospitals and orphanages. “Damage to infrastructure has left hundreds of thousands of people without safe water and…
Statement
02/28/2022
Statement by UNICEF Executive Director Catherine Russell calling for a suspension of hostilities to carry out urgent humanitarian action in Ukraine
https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/statement-unicef-executive-director-catherine-russell-calling-suspension-hostilities
NEW YORK, 28 February 2022 –, “The situation for children caught up in the conflict in Ukraine grows worse by the minute. “We are receiving reports of hospitals, schools, water and sanitation facilities and orphanages under fire. Explosive weapons in populated areas and explosive remnants of war are real and present dangers for the children of Ukraine. “Children have been…
Unitaid [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://unitaid.org/
Featured News
03 March 2022
Unitaid statement on WHO guidelines for COVID-19 antiviral molnupiravir
Geneva – Unitaid today welcomes the conditional recommendation from the World Health Organization (WHO) on the use of molnupiravir to treat adult patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 at highest risk of developing severe forms of the disease.
Oral outpatient treatments are potential gamechangers in the management of COVID-19. They are critical in the global response to the pandemic, with a potential to save lives and ease the pressure on healthcare systems, and an important step toward realizing the promise of test-and-treat strategies in decentralized settings.
Molnupiravir is the first oral antiviral for non-hospitalized mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients to be recommended by WHO, bringing an additional treatment option to the COVID-19 clinical care package…
Vaccine Equity Cooperative [nee Initiative] [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://vaccineequitycooperative.org/news/
News
No new digest content identified.
Vaccination Acceptance & Demand Initiative [Sabin) [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://www.vaccineacceptance.org/
Announcements
No new digest content identified.
Vaccine Confidence Project [to 05 Mar 2022]
http://www.vaccineconfidence.org/
News, Research and Reports
No new digest content identified.
Vaccine Education Center – Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia [to 05 Mar 2022]
http://www.chop.edu/centers-programs/vaccine-education-center
News
No new digest content identified.
Wellcome Trust [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://wellcome.ac.uk/news
News. Opinion, Reports
Opinion
Author – Alan Dangour
Five things the latest IPCC report tells us about climate change and health
4 March 2022
The Wistar Institute [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://www.wistar.org/news/press-releases
Press Releases
No new digest content identified.
WFPHA: World Federation of Public Health Associations [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://www.wfpha.org/
Latest News – Blog
What Is Leadership in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic?
Mar 4, 2022
What Is Leadership in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic?A Reflection by Public Health Leadership Coalition’s Member – Prof. Luís Eugênio de Souza Leadership can be defined as the collection of competences – knowledge, skills and aptitudes –…
World Bank [to 05 Mar 2022]
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/all
Selected News, Announcements
World Bank Group Statement on Russia and Belarus
WASHINGTON, March 2, 2022—The World Bank Group today released the following statement on its programs in Russia and Belarus: “The World Bank Group has not approved any new loans to or investments in Russia…
Date: March 02, 2022 Type: Statement
Nearly 2.4 Billion Women Globally Don’t Have Same Economic Rights as Men
Despite Pandemic, 23 Countries Improved Laws to Advance Women’s Economic Inclusion in 2021 WASHINGTON, Mar. 1, 2022 – Around 2.4 billion women of working age are not afforded equal economic opportunity…
Date: March 01, 2022 Type: Press Release
Joint IMF-World Bank Group Statement on the War in Ukraine
WASHINGTON, Mar. 1, 2022 – International Monetary Fund (IMF) Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva and World Bank Group President David Malpass today issued the following statement on the war in…
Date: March 01, 2022 Type: Statement
World Customs Organization – WCO [to 05 Mar 2022]
http://www.wcoomd.org/
Latest News – Selected Items
04 March 2022
WCO holds a further series of webinars to improve Customs’ awareness of COVID-19 vaccines
On 15 February 2022, the World Customs Organization (WCO) successfully held its 9th series of webinars aimed at improving Customs administrations’ awareness of counterfeit COVID-19-related goods, in collaboration with high-level representatives from Novavax.
These webinars are among the measures taken to ensure thorough implementation by the Secretariat of the WCO Covid-19 Action Plan. The Action Plan was developed shortly after the adoption of the Resolution on the Role of Customs in Facilitating the Cross-Border Movement of Situationally Critical Medicines and Vaccines, as a temporary and overarching priority in the Implementation Plan 2021-2002 for the WCO Strategic Plan.
The latest webinars were designed to provide Customs with knowledge of the essential characteristics and specifications of the Nuvaxovid COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use. In December 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued an emergency use listing (EUL) for Nuvaxovid, following its assessment and approval by the European Medicines Agency (EMA).
The knowledge gained during these webinars will ensure that Customs administrations are better equipped to identify trafficking in genuine and counterfeit COVID-19 vaccines…
World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://www.oie.int/en/media/news/
Press Releases, Statements
World leaders and experts call for action to protect the environment from antimicrobial pollution
Joint Press Release 2 March 2022
[See Perspectives above for detail]
WTO – World Trade Organisation [to 05 Mar 2022]
http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news_e.htm
WTO News and Events
No new digest content identified.
::::::
ARM [Alliance for Regenerative Medicine] [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://alliancerm.org/press-releases/
Selected Press Releases
No new digest content identified.
BIO [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://www.bio.org/press-releases
Press Releases, Letters, Testimony, Comments [Selected]
BIO Joins Efforts to Aid in Humanitarian Relief in Ukraine
March 2, 2022
DCVMN – Developing Country Vaccine Manufacturers Network [to 05 Mar 2022]
http://www.dcvmn.org/
News; Upcoming events
No new digest content identified.
ICBA – International Council of Biotechnology Associations [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://internationalbiotech.org/news/
News
Website still in “maintenance mode”
IFPMA [to 05 Mar 2022]
http://www.ifpma.org/resources/news-releases/
Selected Press Releases, Statements, Publications
Pharmaceutical industry response to the crisis in Ukraine
02 March 2022
As the situation in Ukraine continues to cause unimaginable suffering, our thoughts are with the people in Ukraine. Overcoming the challenges that this unprecedented humanitarian crisis poses for patients is our main concern. We are supporting the efforts of our sister regional organization – EFPIA – to ensure vital medicines reach the people who need them most and the health needs of the many thousands of people already displaced by the crisis are met.
“The research-based pharmaceutical industry in Europe stands in solidarity with the people of Ukraine. We condemn the invasion of their country and express our sorrow at the suffering it has caused. As an industry dedicated to saving and improving lives, we stand for peace.
“Our first priority is to ensure that medicines reach the patients that need them in Ukraine, in the neighbouring EU Member States, in Russia and in other countries where access to medicines may be negatively impacted. We call on all parties to facilitate the safe passage of medicines and vaccines to those in need.
“As a health-based industry and part of the wider EU healthcare community, we will work together to address the health needs of all those affected by this war, in Ukraine and in neighbouring countries as part of the wider humanitarian relief effort.
“Our Member Companies and Associations are offering humanitarian support both in Ukraine and for the emerging refugee crisis in neighbouring EU Member States. This includes in kind donations of medical supplies and financial support to NGOs.”
The contributions/actions of individual biopharma organizations below are available at the link above:
AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Ipsen, Lilly, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Servier, Bayer,
Bristol Myers Squibb, GSK, Leem, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi
R&D-based pharmaceutical industry’s innovative partnerships to meet urgent global supply needs
01 March 2022
The examples in this report highlight a few selected collaborations with IFPMA companies. According to Airfinity data, as of March 2022 at least 368 manufacturing and production agreements for COVID-19 vaccines – of which 326 agreements involving some sort technology transfer- around the globe were made public.
International Generic and Biosimilar Medicines Association [IGBA]
https://www.igbamedicines.org/
News
No new digest content identified.
International Alliance of Patients’ Organizations – IAPO [to 05 Mar 2022]
https://www.iapo.org.uk/news/topic/6
Press and media [Selected]
No new digest content identified.
PhRMA [to 05 Mar 2022]
http://www.phrma.org/
Latest News [Selected]
No new digest content identified.
vaccines and global health :: ethics and policy 