Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics (formerly Human Vaccines)
Volume 15, Issue 1, 2019
http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/khvi20/current
Article
Knowledge, understanding, attitude, perception and views on HPV infection and vaccination among health care students and professionals in Malaysia
Vishal Bhagwan Badgujar, Fatin Shahirah Ahmad Fadzil, Helvinder Kaur Balbir Singh, Farheen Sami, Sangita Badgujar & Mohammed Tahir Ansari
Pages: 156-162
Published online: 17 Oct 2018
JAMA
January 29, 2019, Vol 321, No. 4, Pages 323-414
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/issue.aspx
Viewpoint
The Role of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices in Ensuring Optimal Use of Vaccines
Nancy M. Bennett, MD, MS
free access
JAMA. 2019;321(4):341-342. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.20792
In this Viewpoint the outgoing chair of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) reviews the history of the committee and its evolving role in making recommendations to the CDC about the best uses of vaccines in the United States.
JAMA
January 29, 2019, Vol 321, No. 4, Pages 323-414
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/issue.aspx
free access
JAMA. 2019;321(4):343-344. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.20421
In this Viewpoint, the director and chief medical officer of the US National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VCIP) and colleagues review the history of and rationale for the program; explain the processes for updating injury categories and adjudicating and settling claims; and summarize the costs and success of the program in the context of the vast number of vaccine doses administered nationally.
Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine
Volume 12, Issue S1 Pages: 1-34 January 2019
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/17565391/current
7th Meeting of the COMET Initiative (VII), Thursday 15th and Friday 16th November 2018, De Rode Hoed, Amsterdam
On the 15th and 16th November 2018, the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) Initiative held its seventh international meeting. After success at COMET VI, the COMET meeting returned to De Rode Hoed (The Red Hat) in Amsterdam for their second consecutive meeting. One‐hundred and fifteen participants gathered from around the world, coming from five continents and 18 countries.
Journal of Medical Internet Research
Vol 21, No 1 (2019): January
https://www.jmir.org/2019/1
JMIR Research Protocols (ISSN 1929-0748)
Estimating Vaccine Effectiveness Against Hospitalized Influenza During Pregnancy: Multicountry Protocol for a Retrospective Cohort Study
Allison L Naleway, Sarah Ball, Jeffrey C Kwong, Brandy E Wyant, Mark A Katz, Annette K Regan, Margaret L Russell, Nicola P Klein, Hannah Chung, Kimberley A Simmonds, Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner, Becca S Feldman, Avram Levy, Deshayne B Fell, Steven J Drews, Shikha Garg, Paul Effler, Noam Barda, Stephanie A Irving, Patricia Shifflett, Michael L Jackson, Mark G Thompson
JMIR Res Protoc 2019 (Jan 21); 8(1):e11333
Journal of Pediatrics
February 2019 Volume 205, p1-300
http://www.jpeds.com/current
Medical Progress
Hepatitis B Virus Infection and the Progress toward its Elimination
Hong-Yuan Hsu, Mei-Hwei Chang
p12–20
Published online: September 21, 2018
Lancet Infectious Diseases
Feb 2019 Volume 19 Number 2 p113-216, e39-e62
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/issue/current
Editorial
Fuelling the Global Fund
The Lancet Infectious Diseases
On Jan 11, 2019, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria announced the fundraising target for its next 3 year replenishment cycle —“The single most important public health measure of 2019”, according to a blog by Jeffrey Sachs and colleagues published at the time of the announcement. The investment case was launched in Paris by French President Emmanuel Macron and calls for US$14 billion of donations—largely from national governments in wealthy countries—to cover the Global Fund’s sixth investment period of 2020–22. The $14 billion is just part of an estimated $83 billion that needs to be spent to fight the diseases over the 3 year period, most of which will come from domestic government budgets in affected countries. The full investment case will be presented at a meeting in New Delhi, India, on Feb 8, 2019, and France will host the Global Fund’s Sixth Replenishment Conference in Lyon on Oct 10, 2019.
The Global Fund was established in 2002 to support affected countries in controlling HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, and to bring the best science and management practices to bear on the diseases. Since 2002 there have certainly been major reductions in deaths and disease: the Results Report published on Sept 12, 2018, claims 27 millions lives saved as the result of partnerships in which the Global Fund has invested since its launch—ie, a fall by one-third in the number of deaths. In 2017 alone, nearly $4 billion was invested in partner countries, with 17·5 million people on antiretroviral therapy to treat HIV/AIDS, 5 million people treated for tuberculosis, and 197 million mosquito nets distributed. Maintaining this progress is vital to end the three epidemics as public health threats and meet Sustainable Development Goal 3—health and wellbeing for all—by 2030.
There are, however, challenges to be faced in staying on track towards the 2030 target. Although HIV/AIDS is gradually being brought under control via a treatment-as-prevention approach based on antiretroviral therapy, there is a risk of the response losing momentum, as discussed in our January, 2019, Editorial. Deaths from malaria have stopped declining, there has been a recent year-on-year increase in cases, and control is complicated by emerging resistance to insecticides and to artemisinin-based treatments. For tuberculosis, incidence of new cases is falling at about 2% per year, well shy of the 4–5% needed to bring the epidemic under control by 2030, and drug-resistant disease (more than half a million new cases per year) is a growing threat.
Political challenges must also be overcome for the next round of Global Fund replenishment to be a success. The USA has historically been the biggest donor, providing nearly a third of contributions. But at a time when the US administration seems more concerned with building barriers between people than uniting them, the future level of contribution remains uncertain. The Trump administration has requested $925 million for the Global Fund in 2019, down from $1·35 billion in 2018, but Congress usually provides more than the president requests, and the administration has said that pledges to the Global Fund are a “smart investment”. The UK has been the third largest donor (about 9%), but although the government commitment to keep international development funding at 0·7% of gross national income remains for now, while the country’s politics is preoccupied with the self-inflicted wounds of Brexit nothing can be guaranteed. Even the commitment of France, the second largest donor (12%), cannot be taken for granted at a time of national popular protests against the policies of Macron’s government.
Perhaps it’s time for the governments of rapidly growing economies to take up some of the slack from traditional donors. Sachs and colleagues suggest that China, a former recipient of Global Fund support but now the world’s second largest economy, should become a donor. These authors also suggest that to achieve its targets the Global Fund should be asking for at least twice the $14 billion it has requested, and that this gap in funding should be filled by donations from the pockets of the world’s billionaires.
Such broad philanthropy seems unlikely, except for a few enlightened individuals among the super-rich and their foundations. Nevertheless, at the very least the current level of support for the Global Fund needs to be maintained or we risk losing the gains that have been made, in which case the money will eventually have to be spent again. The Global Fund estimates that every dollar it spends brings $19 in health gains and economic returns—that seems a worthwhile investment in anyone’s terms.
Lancet Infectious Diseases
Feb 2019 Volume 19 Number 2 p113-216, e39-e62
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/issue/current
Comment
Enhancing immune responses to oral vaccines: still an enigma
David A Sack
In The Lancet Infectious Diseases, James A Church and colleagues report the results of a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on attempts to enhance the immune responses to oral vaccines, especially infants given oral polio vaccine (OPV) and oral rotavirus vaccine. The suboptimal immune responses to these oral vaccines in Africa and Asia has long been recognised, and it would seem there should be a reasonable explanation and a simple intervention that could improve effectiveness. This review, however, concludes that there are no simple solutions that could be applied generally for oral vaccines.
OPV was highly successful in eliminating polio from North America and it was assumed that the vaccine would have a similar outcome in low-income countries. Unfortunately, this was not the case in India and other low-income countries. More doses of vaccine were required to achieve similar response rates to those in North America, and cases of polio continued to occur even in areas of high OPV coverage.
Similarly, rotavirus vaccines, which were highly efficacious in North and South America,
showed lower efficacy in Africa and Asia. Now that the vaccines are used routinely, their effectiveness is confirmed, but at a lower rate in lower-income countries. Clearly, even with the lower efficacy, these vaccines provide a major public health benefit because the disease burden is so high; however, if there was a way to improve immunogenicity, these vaccines would be even more powerful.
Many reasonable theories have been suggested as to why children in low-income countries have a weaker response to oral vaccines than do those in high-income countries. The most common suggestions relate to interference by maternal antibody in serum or breast milk, intestinal parasitic infestations, micronutrient (especially zinc or vitamin A) or macronutrient malnutrition, concurrent enterovirus infection, and intestinal mucosal enteropathy. Considering the young age at immunisation, some of these explanations seem more likely than others. For example, parasitic infestations, micronutrient deficiencies, or even enteropathy would seem to be uncommon at this young age. Nevertheless, considering these potential mechanisms, controlled clinical trials have attempted to improve the immune responses to these vaccines. In short, Church and colleagues found that there was no general strategy that seems to substantially improve the serological responses to these oral vaccines. Of those tested, some would have been difficult to implement, such as avoiding breastfeeding for a few hours, but if the strategies had been effective, at least they would have provided insight into the causes of the suboptimal immune responses.
Although there appears to be no simple intervention, there have been ways to mitigate the problem. Because trivalent OPV does not protect every infant, two changes to polio vaccine programmes have been made. First, OPV was changed from a trivalent to a bivalent vaccine by eliminating type 2 from the vaccine. Second, at least one dose of injected polio vaccine is to be given during infancy. Interestingly, despite suboptimal responses to OPV, infants respond well to injected polio vaccine and the bivalent vaccine appears to be more immunogenic than the trivalent vaccine that was used previously. Because serotype 2 virus has been eradicated, a vaccine for this type is no longer needed. These changes were important, not only to protect individual children, but also because they are crucial for polio’s eradication.
One strategy being considered for rotavirus is a supplemental dose of vaccine at age 9 months.
In many places, the peak incidence of rotavirus diarrhoea is between 9 and 18 months, and this later dose could increase protection during this high-risk period. When first studied, a late dose was not considered because of concern over intussusception, but the current vaccines have a low intussusception risk, which is probably even lower in previously immunised children.
As with polio, there could be a role for an injectable rotavirus vaccine, which, either alone or in conjunction with oral vaccine, could improve protection. An injectable vaccine was not originally developed because it was thought that an oral vaccine would better stimulate intestinal immunity. However, rotavirus diarrhoea is mainly a disease of young children, and since natural infections stimulate immunity, it is possible that only short-term protection is needed and could be accomplished with an injectable vaccine.
Finally, if new strategies are identified, they will still have to be practical to be included in routine immunisation programmes. A delayed dosing for rotavirus vaccine did seem to improve immune response, but this approach needs to be balanced against the potential of not immunising some infants who drop out early. Similarly, a 9-month oral rotavirus dose and an injectable rotavirus vaccine seem promising, but the logistical challenges and costs for these will need to be investigated.
Lancet Infectious Diseases
Feb 2019 Volume 19 Number 2 p113-216, e39-e62
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/issue/current
Comment
A new tuberculosis vaccine: breakthrough, challenges, and a call for collaboration
Johan Vekemans, Nebiat Gebreselassie, Matteo Zignol, Martin Friede, Tereza Kasaeva, Soumya Swaminathan
Lancet Infectious Diseases
Feb 2019 Volume 19 Number 2 p113-216, e39-e62
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/issue/current
Comment
Drugs and vaccines in the 21st century for neglected diseases
Leonardo L G Ferreira, Adriano D Andricopulo
Lancet Infectious Diseases
Feb 2019 Volume 19 Number 2 p113-216, e39-e62
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/issue/current
Articles
Global and regional molecular epidemiology of HIV-1, 1990–2015: a systematic review, global survey, and trend analysis
Joris Hemelaar, Ramyiadarsini Elangovan, Jason Yun, Leslie Dickson-Tetteh, Isabella Fleminger,
Shona Kirtley, Brian Williams, Eleanor Gouws-Williams, Peter D Ghys
on behalf of the WHO–UNAIDS Network for HIV Isolation Characterisation
Lancet Infectious Diseases
Feb 2019 Volume 19 Number 2 p113-216, e39-e62
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/issue/current
Comparison of two schedules of two-dose priming with the ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Nepalese children: an open-label, randomised non-inferiority controlled trial
Rama Kandasamy, Meeru Gurung, Stephen Thorson, Ly-Mee Yu, Ushma Galal, Merryn Voysey, Sarah Kelly, Brian Wahl, Guy Berbers, Kier Finnegan, Imran Ansari, Krishna Paudel, David R Murdoch, Katherine L O’Brien, Dominic F Kelly, David Goldblatt, Shrijana Shrestha, Andrew J Pollard
Lancet Infectious Diseases
Feb 2019 Volume 19 Number 2 p113-216, e39-e62
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/issue/current
A protracted mumps outbreak in Western Australia despite high vaccine coverage: a population-based surveillance study
Darren W Westphal, Ashley Eastwood, Avram Levy, Jane Davies, Clare Huppatz, Marisa Gilles,
Heather Lyttle, Stephanie A Williams, Gary K Dowse
Lancet Infectious Diseases
Feb 2019 Volume 19 Number 2 p113-216, e39-e62
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/issue/current
Mumps in a highly vaccinated Marshallese community in Arkansas, USA: an outbreak report
Virgie S Fields, Haytham Safi, Catherine Waters, Jennifer Dillaha, Lucy Capelle, Sheldon Riklon,
J Gary Wheeler, Dirk T Haselow
Lancet Infectious Diseases
Feb 2019 Volume 19 Number 2 p113-216, e39-e62
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/issue/current
Interventions to improve oral vaccine performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis
James A Church, Edward P Parker, Beth D Kirkpatrick, Nicholas C Grassly, Andrew J Prendergast
Summary
Background
Oral vaccines underperform in low-income and middle-income countries compared with in high-income countries. Whether interventions can improve oral vaccine performance is uncertain.
Methods
We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions designed to increase oral vaccine efficacy or immunogenicity. We searched Ovid-MEDLINE and Embase for trials published until Oct 23, 2017. Inclusion criteria for meta-analysis were two or more studies per intervention category and available seroconversion data. We did random-effects meta-analyses to produce summary relative risk (RR) estimates. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42017060608)…
Interpretation
Most strategies did not improve oral vaccine performance. Delaying RVV and reducing OPV valence should be considered within immunisation programmes to reduce global enteric disease. New strategies to address the gap in oral vaccine efficacy are urgently required.
Funding
Wellcome Trust, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, UK Medical Research Council, and WHO Polio Research Committee.
Nature Reviews Immunology
Volume 19 Issue 2, February 2019
https://www.nature.com/nri/volumes/19/issues/2
Year in Review | 10 January 2019
CAR T cell therapy: inroads to response and resistance
Several clinical studies in 2018 documented the potency of therapies based on T cells with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR T cells), but also revealed mechanisms of resistance. These insights may facilitate the design of improved CAR T cell therapies for B cell malignancies and beyond.
Christine E. Brown & Crystal L. Mackall
Nature Reviews Immunology
Volume 19 Issue 2, February 2019
https://www.nature.com/nri/volumes/19/issues/2
Year in Review | 08 January 2019
Novel connections and precision approaches
Recent research in mucosal immunology has uncovered novel lines of communication between the mucosal immune system and other cellular and metabolic pathways. Given the complexity of these networks, new precision approaches are being developed to dissect the contribution of specific pathways or selected microorganisms.
Gregory F. Sonnenberg & David Artis
Nature Reviews Immunology
Volume 19 Issue 2, February 2019
https://www.nature.com/nri/volumes/19/issues/2
Year in Review | 18 December 2018
Advancing an HIV vaccine; advancing vaccinology
The generation of an HIV vaccine remains the holy grail for eliminating HIV infection worldwide. Major advances in 2018 centred on sequential multi-immunogen strategies that are designed to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies, identifying new targets and defining new approaches to immunogen evaluation.
Dennis R. Burton
Pediatrics
February 2019, VOLUME 143 / ISSUE 2
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/143/2?current-issue=y
Articles
Open Access
Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Effectiveness and Herd Protection in Young Women
Chelse Spinner, Lili Ding, David I. Bernstein, Darron R. Brown, Eduardo L. Franco, Courtney Covert, Jessica A. Kahn
Pediatrics Feb 2019, 143 (2) e20181902; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-1902
Over an 11-year period after HPV vaccine introduction, we found in this community-based surveillance study evidence of vaccine effectiveness and herd protection among young women.
Pediatrics
February 2019, VOLUME 143 / ISSUE 2
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/143/2?current-issue=y
Questions and Concerns About HPV Vaccine: A Communication Experiment
Parth D. Shah, William A. Calo, Melissa B. Gilkey, Marcella H. Boynton, Susan Alton Dailey, Karen G. Todd, Meagan O. Robichaud, Marjorie A. Margolis, Noel T. Brewer
Pediatrics Feb 2019, 143 (2) e20181872; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-1872
In this study, we provide brief messages providers can use when discussing HPV vaccination and guidance for more effectively addressing parents’ questions and concerns about HPV vaccination.
Pediatrics
February 2019, VOLUME 143 / ISSUE 2
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/143/2?current-issue=y
Live Attenuated and Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness
Jessie R. Chung, Brendan Flannery, Christopher S. Ambrose, Rodolfo E. Bégué, Herve Caspard, Laurie DeMarcus, Ashley L. Fowlkes, Geeta Kersellius, Andrea Steffens, Alicia M. Fry, for the Influenza Clinical Investigation for Children Study Team, the Influenza Incidence Surveillance Project, the US Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network
Pediatrics Feb 2019, 143 (2) e20182094; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-2094
In a combined analysis from 5 studies, LAIV4 was less effective than IIV against influenza A/H1N1pdm09 in all pediatric age groups.
Pediatrics
February 2019, VOLUME 143 / ISSUE 2
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/143/2?current-issue=y
Factors Associated With Rotavirus Vaccine Coverage
Negar Aliabadi, Mary E. Wikswo, Jacqueline E. Tate, Margaret M. Cortese, Peter G. Szilagyi, Mary Allen Staat, Geoffrey A. Weinberg, Natasha B. Halasa, Julie A. Boom, Rangaraj Selvarangan, Janet A. Englund, Parvin H. Azimi, Eileen J. Klein, Mary E. Moffatt, Christopher J. Harrison, Leila C. Sahni, Laura S. Stewart, David I. Bernstein, Umesh D. Parashar, Daniel C. Payne
Pediatrics Feb 2019, 143 (2) e20181824; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-1824
In an analysis of a nationwide active surveillance system, we identified factors associated with low coverage and missed opportunities for the initiation and completion of the RVV series.
Pediatrics
February 2019, VOLUME 143 / ISSUE 2
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/143/2?current-issue=y
Bifidobacterium Abundance in Early Infancy and Vaccine Response at 2 Years of Age
Pediatrics Feb 2019, 143 (2) e20181489; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-1489
By following a birth cohort through 2 years of age, Bifidobacterium abundance in early infancy was seen to predict better vaccine responses later in life.
Pediatrics
February 2019, VOLUME 143 / ISSUE 2
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/143/2?current-issue=y
Monthly Feature
Syrian Children in Turkey: A Model of Action for National Pediatric Societies
Elif N. Özmert, Orhan Derman, Aysun Bideci, Nurullah Okumuş, Koray Boduroğlu, Sevcan Bakkaloğlu, Enver Hasanoğlu, Errol Alden
Pediatrics Feb 2019, 143 (2) e20180539; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-0539
PharmacoEconomics
Volume 37, Issue 2, February 2019
https://link.springer.com/journal/40273/37/2
Systematic Review
Cost-Effectiveness of Herpes Zoster Vaccination: A Systematic Review
Edward T. Chiyaka, Van T. Nghiem, Lu Zhang, Abhishek Deshpande… Pages 16
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
http://www.plosntds.org/
(Accessed 2 Feb 2019)
Research Article
Bivalent oral cholera vaccination induces a memory B cell response to the V. cholerae O1-polysacchide in Haitian adults
Brie Falkard, Richelle C. Charles, Wilfredo R. Matias, Leslie M. Mayo-Smith, J. Gregory Jerome, Evan S. Offord, Peng Xu, Pavol Kováč, Edward T. Ryan, Firdausi Qadri, Molly F. Franke, Louise C. Ivers, Jason B. Harris
Research Article | published 31 Jan 2019 PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007057
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
http://www.plosntds.org/
(Accessed 2 Feb 2019)
Viewpoints
A therapeutic preconceptional vaccine against Chagas disease: A novel indication that could reduce congenital transmission and accelerate vaccine development
Eric Dumonteil, Claudia Herrera, Pierre Buekens
| published 31 Jan 2019 PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006985
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
http://www.plosntds.org/
(Accessed 2 Feb 2019)
Research Article
Neglected tropical diseases in children: An assessment of gaps in research prioritization
Chris A. Rees, Peter J. Hotez, Michael C. Monuteaux, Michelle Niescierenko, Florence T. Bourgeois
| published 29 Jan 2019 PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007111
Abstract
Background
Despite the known burden of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) on child health, there is limited information on current efforts to increase pediatric therapeutic options. Our objective was to quantify and characterize research activity and treatment availability for NTDs in children in order to inform the prioritization of future research efforts.
Methodology/Principal findings
We conducted a review of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform to assess research activity for NTDs. The burden of disease of each NTD was measured in terms of disability adjusted life years (DALYs), which was extracted from the Global Health Data Exchange. First- and second-line medications for each NTD were identified from WHO guidelines. We reviewed FDA drug labels for each medication to determine whether they were adequately labeled for use in children. Descriptive statistics, binomial tests, and Spearman’s rank order correlations were calculated to assess research activity compared to burden of disease. Children comprised 34% of the 20 million DALYs resulting from NTDs, but pediatric trials contributed just 17% (63/369) of trials studying these conditions (p<0.001 for binomial test). Conditions that were particularly under-represented in pediatric populations compared to adults included rabies, leishmaniasis, scabies, and dengue. Pediatric drug trial activity was poorly correlated with pediatric burden of disease across NTDs (Spearman’s rho = 0.41, p = 0.12). There were 47 medications recommended by the WHO for the treatment of NTDs, of which only 47% (n = 22) were adequately labeled for use in children. Of the 25 medications lacking adequate pediatric labeling, three were under study in pediatric trials.
Conclusions/Significance
There is a substantial gap between the burden of disease for NTDs in children and research devoted to this population. Most medications lack adequate pediatric prescribing information, highlighting the urgency to increase pediatric research activity for NTDs with high burden of disease and limited treatment options.
Author summary
Neglected tropical diseases are a group of poverty-associated parasitic, bacterial, and viral conditions. Collectively, they pose a substantial burden on child health, but there is limited information on current efforts to increase pediatric therapeutic options for these conditions. Understanding gaps in research activity and treatment options to reduce the global impact of neglected tropical diseases in children presents the opportunity to inform strategic initiatives and prioritize future research efforts. We analyzed trials in the World Health Organization’s International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and found that pediatric trials comprised a disproportionately small number of drug and vaccine trials for neglected tropical diseases. Certain neglected tropical diseases, including rabies, leishmaniasis, scabies, and dengue, were particularly under-represented relative to their disease burden in children. We also determined that most medications recommended for the treatment of neglected tropical diseases lack critical data to support use in children, though few of these are currently being studied in pediatric trials. This study points to the urgent need to increase pediatric research activity for certain neglected tropical diseases that result in high disease burden and for which there are limited pediatric treatment options.
Science
01 February 2019 Vol 363, Issue 6426
http://www.sciencemag.org/current.dtl
Editorial
Democracy’s plight
By Rush Holt
Science01 Feb 2019 : 433
Summary
Scientists work with a deep sense that their quest for reliable knowledge leads somewhere—that following the evidence and excluding bias help to make sense of the world. It may be a slow process, and interactions in the scientific community are not without friction and false steps, yet scientists are devoted to the quest because they observe that it works. One can make sense of the world. Einstein famously said, “the eternal mystery of the world is its comprehensibility,” and scientists understand that evidence-based scientific thinking leads to this comprehension. Scientists could do a better job of sharing this powerful insight.
Science
01 February 2019 Vol 363, Issue 6426
http://www.sciencemag.org/current.dtl
Policy Forum
Shadow health records meet new data privacy laws
By W. Nicholson Price II, Margot E. Kaminski, Timo Minssen, Kayte Spector-Bagdady
Science01 Feb 2019 : 448-450 Restricted Access
How will research respond to a changing regulatory space?
Summary
Large sets of health data can enable innovation and quality measurement but can also create technical challenges and privacy risks. When entities such as health plans and health care providers handle personal health information, they are often subject to data privacy regulation. But amid a flood of new forms of health data, some third parties have figured out ways to avoid some data privacy laws, developing what we call “shadow health records”—collections of health data outside the health system that provide detailed pictures of individual health—that allow both innovative research and commercial targeting despite data privacy rules. Now that space for regulatory arbitrage is changing. The long arms of Europe’s new General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and California’s new Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) will reach shadow health records in many companies. In this article, we lay out the contours of the GDPR’s and CCPA’s impact on shadow health records and health data more broadly, highlight critical remaining uncertainty, and call for increased clarity from lawmakers and industry on the use of such data for research.
Vaccine
Volume 37, Issue 8 Pages 1007-1130 (14 February 2019)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/vaccine/vol/37/issue/8
Research article Abstract only
Do superstitious beliefs affect influenza vaccine uptake through shaping health beliefs?
Jiahui Lu, Meiyin Luo, Andrew Zi Han Yee, Anita Sheldenkar, … May Oo Lwin
Pages 1046-1052
Vaccine
Volume 37, Issue 8 Pages 1007-1130 (14 February 2019)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/vaccine/vol/37/issue/8
Research article Open access
Health care worker vaccination against Ebola: Vaccine acceptance and employment duration in Sierra Leone
Mario Jendrossek, W. John Edmunds, Hana Rohan, Samuel Clifford, … Rosalind M. Eggo
Pages 1101-1108
Volume 37, Issue 7 Pages 899-1006 (8 February 2019)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/vaccine/vol/37/issue/7
Research article Abstract only
An integrative behavior theory derived model to assess factors affecting HPV vaccine acceptance using structural equation modeling
Abraham Degarege, Karl Krupp, Kristopher Fennie, Vijaya Srinivas, … Purnima Madhivanan
Pages 945-955
Volume 37, Issue 7 Pages 899-1006 (8 February 2019)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/vaccine/vol/37/issue/7
Research article Abstract only
Research article Abstract only
Parent perspectives on childhood vaccination: How to deal with vaccine hesitancy and refusal?
Aida Bianco, Valentina Mascaro, Rossella Zucco, Maria Pavia
Pages 984-990
Viruses
Volume 11, Issue 1 (January 2019)
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/11/1
Open Access Review
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Vaccine Candidates: Cautious Optimism
by Craig Schindewolf and Vineet D. Menachery
Viruses 2019, 11(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/v11010074
Received: 18 December 2018 / Revised: 10 January 2019 / Accepted: 12 January 2019 / Published: 17 January 2019
Viewed by 507 | PDF Full-text (646 KB) | HTML Full-text | XML Full-text
Abstract
Efforts towards developing a vaccine for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have yielded promising results. Utilizing a variety of platforms, several vaccine approaches have shown efficacy in animal models and begun to enter clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the current progress towards a MERS-CoV vaccine and highlight potential roadblocks identified from previous attempts to generate coronavirus vaccines
From Google Scholar & other sources: Selected Journal Articles, Newsletters, Dissertations, Theses, Commentary
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Media/Policy Watch
This watch section is intended to alert readers to substantive news, analysis and opinion from the general media and selected think tanks and similar organizations on vaccines, immunization, global public health and related themes. Media Watch is not intended to be exhaustive, but indicative of themes and issues CVEP is actively tracking. This section will grow from an initial base of newspapers, magazines and blog sources, and is segregated from Journal Watch above which scans the peer-reviewed journal ecology.
We acknowledge the Western/Northern bias in this initial selection of titles and invite suggestions for expanded coverage. We are conservative in our outlook in adding news sources which largely report on primary content we are already covering above. Many electronic media sources have tiered, fee-based subscription models for access. We will provide full-text where content is published without restriction, but most publications require registration and some subscription level.
The Atlantic
http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/
Accessed 2 Feb 2019
[No new, unique, relevant content]
BBC
http://www.bbc.co.uk/
Accessed 2 Feb 2019
[No new, unique, relevant content]
The Economist
http://www.economist.com/
Accessed 2 Feb 2019
[No new, unique, relevant content]
Financial Times
http://www.ft.com/home/uk
Accessed 2 Feb 2019
[No new, unique, relevant content]
Forbes
http://www.forbes.com/
Accessed 2 Feb 2019
[No new, unique, relevant content]
Foreign Affairs
http://www.foreignaffairs.com/
Accessed 2 Feb 2019
[No new, unique, relevant content]
Foreign Policy
http://foreignpolicy.com/
Accessed 2 Feb 2019
[No new, unique, relevant content]
The Guardian
http://www.guardiannews.com/
Accessed 2 Feb 2019
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New Yorker
http://www.newyorker.com/
Accessed 2 Feb 2019
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New York Times
http://www.nytimes.com/
Accessed 2 Feb 2019
U.S.
Northwest Measles Outbreak Revives Debate Over Vaccine Laws
A measles outbreak near Portland, Oregon, has revived a bitter debate over so-called “philosophical” exemptions to childhood vaccinations as public health officials across the Pacific Northwest scramble to limit the fallout.
February 1
U.S.
US Doctor Who Survived Ebola Honored for Service in Liberia
Almost five years have passed since he nearly died of Ebola in Liberia, but Richard Sacra has never wavered from his commitment to the struggling West African nation.
Jan. 31
Letters
Fears About Vaccines
The American Academy of Pediatrics and the International Pediatric Association warn against dangerous misinformation.
To the Editor:
Re “How to Inoculate Against Anti-Vaxxers” (editorial, Jan. 20):
We agree: We need a coordinated strategy to strengthen parents’ confidence in the lifesaving power of immunizations. As pediatricians, we know firsthand the devastating toll of diseases like measles, pertussis and pneumonia. Pediatricians with long careers behind them have seen children suffer or die from diseases that are now preventable by a vaccine.
Parents used to fear these diseases, too. Now, thanks to dangerous misinformation, some parents fear the vaccines more. This is happening both in the United States and in other countries.
Doctors spend a significant portion of their days counseling families about why immunizations are safe, effective and important to keep their child healthy. This is not enough. It’s time for organizations to come together on an international strategy to increase these efforts beyond the clinic walls.
The United States and many other countries are fortunate to have vaccines to protect our most vulnerable children and adults, but that protection is not ironclad; it depends on the continued and widespread use of vaccines.
Kyle Yasuda
Errol Alden
The writers are presidents of, respectively, the American Academy of Pediatrics and the International Pediatric Association.
Wall Street Journal
http://online.wsj.com/home-page?_wsjregion=na,us&_homepage=/home/us
Accessed 2 Feb 2019
[No new, unique, relevant content]
Washington Post
http://www.washingtonpost.com/
Accessed 2 Feb 2019
Video
In Pakistan, workers trek polio vaccines through heavy snow
Video shows a Pakistan Polio Eradication Initiative employee trudging through snow up to his waist Jan. 26 to deliver vaccinations to children in Pakistan.
Jan 30, 2019
Think Tanks et al
Brookings
http://www.brookings.edu/
Accessed 2 Feb 2019
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Center for Global Development
http://www.cgdev.org/page/press-center
[No new relevant content]
CSIS
https://www.csis.org/
Accessed 2 Feb 2019
Report
The Gavi Mid-Term Review: Progress to Date and Prospects for 2021 and Beyond
January 31, 2019 | By Katherine Bliss
Council on Foreign Relations
http://www.cfr.org/
Accessed 2 Feb 2019
January 31, 2019
Health Policy and Initiatives
The Future of Global Health Is Urban Health
Health and infectious diseases have shaped the history of urbanization, but it is cities that will define the future of global health.
by Thomas J. Bollyky Global Health Program
Kaiser Family Foundation
https://www.kff.org/search/?post_type=press-release
Accessed 2 Feb 2019
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vaccines and global health :: ethics and policy 