China CDC
http://www.chinacdc.cn/en/
No new digest content identified.

National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China
http://en.nhc.gov.cn/
News
May 2: Daily briefing on novel coronavirus cases in China
On May 1, 31 provincial-level regions on the Chinese mainland as well as the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps reported 1 new case of confirmed infections, 2 new cases of suspected infections, and no deaths.

Xi, two leaders discuss mankind’s shared future
2020-05-02
China stands ready to work with the international community, including the Czech Republic and Peru, to jointly respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, and it supports international coordination on macroeconomic policies to offset the impact of the epidemic on the world economy, President Xi Jinping said on April 30.
Xi made the remarks in separate telephone conversations with Czech President Milos Zeman and Peruvian President Martin Vizcarra.

WHO reiterates novel coronavirus is “natural in origin”
2020-05-02

Announcements
 
 
Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group    [to 2 May 2020]
https://alleninstitute.org/what-we-do/frontiers-group/news-press/
News
Scientists are working on a face mask that detects coronavirus
April 23, 2020
Q&A with James Collins, Ph.D., a bioengineer who is developing a diagnostic face mask that signals if the wearer is infected with COVID-19
 
 
BMGF – Gates Foundation  [to 2 May 2020]
http://www.gatesfoundation.org/Media-Center/Press-Releases
Website under maintenance at inquiry.
 
 
Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute    [to 2 May 2020]
https://www.gatesmri.org/
The Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute is a non-profit biotech organization. Our mission is to develop products to fight malaria, tuberculosis, and diarrheal diseases—three major causes of mortality, poverty, and inequality in developing countries. The world has unprecedented scientific tools at its disposal; now is the time to use them to save the lives of the world’s poorest people
InVivo Profiles Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute
 
 
CARB-X   [to 2 May 2020]
https://carb-x.org/
CARB-X is a non-profit public-private partnership dedicated to accelerating antibacterial research to tackle the global rising threat of drug-resistant bacteria.
No new digest content identified.
 
 
CEPI – Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations  [to 2 May 2020]
http://cepi.net/
Latest News
CEPI announces COVID-19 vaccine development partnership with Clover Biopharmaceuticals’ Australian Subsidiary
27 Apr 2020
CEPI establishes Representative Office in Shanghai, China
27 Apr 20
 
 
Clinton Health Access Initiative, Inc. (CHAI)  [to 2 May 2020]
https://clintonhealthaccess.org/
News & Press Releases
April 28, 2020
Unitaid and CHAI announce agreement with Omega Diagnostics to increase access to new, portable CD4 testing device for people living with HIV in over 130 low- and middle-income countries
Agreement with Omega Diagnostics will help deliver same-day CD4 testing for people living with HIV in over 130 low- and middle-income countries at just US$3.98 per test.
 
 
EDCTP    [to 2 May 2020]
http://www.edctp.org/
The European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP) aims to accelerate the development of new or improved drugs, vaccines, microbicides and diagnostics against HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria as well as other poverty-related and neglected infectious diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, with a focus on phase II and III clinical trials
Latest news
No new digest content identified.
 
 
Emory Vaccine Center    [to 2 May 2020]
http://www.vaccines.emory.edu/
[Undated]
EVC RESONDS TO COVID-19
EVC COVID-19 RESEARCH UPDATE
 
 
European Medicines Agency  [to 2 May 2020]
http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/
News & Press Releases ·
Press release: EMA starts rolling review of remdesivir for COVID-19
Last updated: 30/04/2020
News: Meeting highlights from the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) 28-30 April 2020
CHMP, Last updated: 30/04/2020
Press release: EU actions to support availability of medicines during COVID-19 pandemic – update #4
Last updated: 30/04/2020
News: International regulators pledge collective support to combat COVID-19 pandemic
Last updated: 28/04/2020
 
 
European Vaccine Initiative  [to 2 May 2020]
http://www.euvaccine.eu/news-events
Latest News
No new digest content identified.
 
 
FDA [to 2 May 2020]
https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/default.htm
Press Announcements
May 1, 2020 – Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: Daily Roundup May 1, 2020
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today announced the following actions taken in its ongoing response effort to the COVID-19 pandemic:
   :: Today, the FDA issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the investigational antiviral drug remdesivir. The EUAExternal Link Disclaimer allows for remdesivir to be distributed in the :: U.S. and administered by health care providers, as appropriate, to treat suspected or laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in adults and children hospitalized with severe disease. Severe disease is defined as patients with low blood oxygen levels or needing oxygen therapy or more intensive breathing support such as a mechanical ventilator. Based on evaluation of the emergency use authorization criteria and the scientific evidence available, it was determined that it is reasonable to believe that remdesivir may be effective in treating COVID-19, and that, given there are no adequate, approved, or available alternative treatments, the known and potential benefits to treat this serious or life-threatening virus currently outweigh the known and potential risks of the drug’s use. For more information see: news release, Health Care Provider Fact Sheet and Patient Fact Sheet.

  :: Today, the FDA updated its guidance on convalescent plasma and associated web page. The updated guidance provides clarification for investigators on how to submit investigational applications for COVID-19 convalescent plasma. In addition, the guidance includes updated information regarding potential donors. Previously, the FDA’s guidance noted that to qualify, individuals should have complete resolution of symptoms for 28 days or resolution for 14 and a negative diagnostic test. The revised guidance recommends that individuals  have complete resolution of symptoms for at least 14 days prior to donation A negative lab test for COVID-19 disease is not necessary to qualify for donation. The revised guidance also clarifies that FDA does not recommend storing a retention sample from the convalescent plasma donation for single patient emergency INDs…
 
 
May 1, 2020 – Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Issues Emergency Use Authorization for Potential COVID-19 Treatment
Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued an emergency use authorization for the investigational antiviral drug remdesivir for the treatment of suspected or laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in adults and children hospitalized with severe disease. While there is limited information known about the safety and effectiveness of using remdesivir to treat people in the hospital with COVID-19, the investigational drug was shown in a clinical trial to shorten the time to recovery in some patients.

“FDA’s emergency authorization of remdesivir, two days after the National Institutes of Health’s clinical trial showed promising results, is a significant step forward in battling COVID-19 and another example of the Trump Administration moving as quickly as possible to use science to save lives,” said HHS Secretary Alex Azar. “NIH, FDA, and scientists across America and around the world have worked tirelessly with patients to get us this new potential treatment for COVID-19. The seamless cooperation between government and private industry under the President’s all-of-America approach to COVID-19 is getting treatment options to patients in record time.”

The emergency use authorization allows for remdesivir to be distributed in the U.S. and administered intravenously by health care providers, as appropriate, to treat suspected or laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in adults and children hospitalized with severe disease. Severe disease is defined as patients with low blood oxygen levels or needing oxygen therapy or more intensive breathing support such as a mechanical ventilator…
 
 
Fondation Merieux  [to 2 May 2020]
http://www.fondation-merieux.org/
News, Events
No new digest content identified.
 
 
Gavi [to 2 May 2020]
https://www.gavi.org/
Top Stories
1 May 2020
28 April 2020: Overview of the COVID-19 situation in Gavi-supported countries and Gavi’s response
 
 
1 May 2020
Keeping routine immunisation going during COVID-19 in Indonesia
 
 
30 April 2020
World Immunization Week: Eradicating cervical cancer through HPV vaccination
 
 
GHIT Fund   [to 2 May 2020]
https://www.ghitfund.org/newsroom/press
GHIT was set up in 2012 with the aim of developing new tools to tackle infectious diseases that No new digest content identified.
 
 
Global Fund  [to 2 May 2020]
https://www.theglobalfund.org/en/news/
Updates
Ethics Resources for Country Coordinating Mechanisms
30 April 2020
Ethical, transparent and responsible decision-making by Country Coordinating Mechanisms is key for the success of programs in countries – and advancing the fight against HIV, tuberculosis and malaria worldwide.
To support Country Coordinating Mechanisms in following the highest standards of ethics and integrity, the Global Fund has published new resources:
Translations of the Code of Ethical Conduct for Country Coordinating Mechanism Members
:: An e-learning course introducing the Code of Ethical Conduct
:: Guidelines for ethics focal points and ethics committees
To access these resources and for more information, see the Country Coordinating Mechanism Ethics page.
 
 
Hilleman Laboratories   [to 2 May 2020]
http://www.hillemanlabs.org/
No new digest content identified.
 
 
Human Vaccines Project   [to 2 May 2020]
http://www.humanvaccinesproject.org/media/press-releases/
Press Releases
Global COVID Lab Meeting Will Bring Together the Worldwide Scientific Community to Accelerate Development of Vaccines and Immunotherapies
Apr 30, 2020
New York City (April 23, 2020). The Global COVID Lab Meeting will connect the worldwide scientific community working to develop vaccines and immunotherapies to end the COVID-19 pandemic. The Human Vaccines Project is starting this bi-weekly webinar to feature leading scientists from across the globe presenting their latest data, with ample time allowed for questions and discussion.
 
 
“The engines of science are the weekly or bi-weekly lab meetings held across the globe by individual laboratory directors, enabling faculty, post-docs and graduate students to present their latest findings and catalyze new ideas,” says Wayne C. Koff, president and CEO of the Human Vaccines Project. “The urgency of the pandemic, coupled with technological advances of distance learning, now enables us to bring the global scientific community together to accelerate the development of vaccines and immunotherapies for prevention and control of COVID-19. The Global COVID Lab Meeting will provide researchers with a neutral forum to share their findings and innovative ideas with scientists from across the world on a regular basis, thereby increasing the probability for identifying solutions towards ending the COVID-19 pandemic.”
 
 
The webinar will be held every first and third Thursday of the month at 10 am EST. The first session is on May 7th. Dr. James E. Crowe Jr., Director of the Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, will talk about his studies on identification and development of human monoclonal antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 – a treatment that could provide immediate immunity to first responders. Dr. Crowe’s lab is one of the leading groups globally working on antibody identification and is targeting starting clinical studies early this summer for SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics. You can register for the webinar here.
 
 
IAVI  [to 2 May 2020]
https://www.iavi.org/newsroom
Press Releases
No new digest content identified.
 
 
International Coalition of Medicines Regulatory Authorities [ICMRA]
http://www.icmra.info/drupal/en/news
Selected Statements, Press Releases, Research
No new digest content identified.
 
 
International Generic and Biosimilar Medicines Association [IGBA]
https://www.igbamedicines.org/
News
No new digest content identified.
 
 
IFFIm
http://www.iffim.org/
Press Releases
No new digest content identified.
 
 
IFRC   [to 2 May 2020]
http://media.ifrc.org/ifrc/news/press-releases/
Selected Press Releases, Announcements
No new digest content identified.
 
 
IVAC  [to 2 May 2020]
https://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/ivac/index.html
Updates
Vaccination Services Must Continue Even as We Fight COVID-19
April 2020
By Dr. Chizoba Wonodi, Immunization Technical Lead, USAID’s MOMENTUM 2A: Global Technical Leadership and Targeted Technical Assistance
Nigeria, like all other countries in the world, is grappling with the devasting public health, social, and economic fallouts of the COVID-19 pandemic. As of April 27, 2020, Nigeria has 1273 confirmed cases, a dramatic increase since February […]
 
 
IVI   [to 2 May 2020]
http://www.ivi.int/
Selected IVI News & Announcements
INOVIO and GeneOne Life Science Report Positive Phase 1/2a Clinical Data With DNA Vaccine INO-4700 for MERS Coronavirus at the American Society of Gene & Cell Therapy (ASGCT) Conference
:: INO-4700 (GLS-5300) DNA vaccine demonstrates 100% binding and 92% neutralizing antibody responses against MERS-CoV
:: INO-4800 DNA vaccine for COVID-19 currently in Phase 1 trial utilizes identical strategy targeting Spike protein and CELLECTRA intradermal delivery
April 28, 2020
 
 
JEE Alliance  [to 2 May 2020]
https://www.jeealliance.org/
Selected News and Events
No new digest content identified.
 
 
MSF/Médecins Sans Frontières  [to 2 May 2020]
http://www.msf.org/
Latest [Selected Announcements]
Vaccination
Overcoming barriers so vaccines can save lives
Project Update 29 Apr 2020
 
 
Coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic
Overwhelming, lonely, stressful – life in a COVID-19 unit in Geneva
Voices from the Field 27 Apr 2020
 
 
National Vaccine Program Office – U.S. HHS  [to 2 May 2020]
https://www.hhs.gov/vaccines/about/index.html
NVAC 2020 Meetings
June 9-10, 2020 NVAC Meeting
September 23-24, 2020 Meeting (Virtual)
 
 
NIH  [to 2 May 2020]
http://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases
Selected News Releases
NIH clinical trial shows Remdesivir accelerates recovery from advanced COVID-19
April 29, 2020 — Preliminary results indicate that patients who received remdesivir had a 31% faster time to recovery than those who received placebo.
 
 
NIH mobilizes national innovation initiative for COVID-19 diagnostics
April 29, 2020 — Initiative aims to speed delivery of accurate, easy-to-use, scalable tests to all Americans.
 
 
PATH  [to 2 May 2020]
https://www.path.org/media-center/
Selected Announcements
April 24, 2020
PATH establishes Representative Office in Shanghai, China
Registration will enable PATH to implement health projects directly with partners
 
 
PATH partners with Ukraine to develop a national response to COVID-19
Seattle, WA, April 24, 2020 – PATH is partnering with the Ukraine government to develop and implement a comprehensive national response to COVID-19. PATH’S country office program will use the expertise acquired from leading infectious disease surveillance, pandemic flue emergency preparedness, and tuberculosis control in Ukraine since 1994 to address four important areas of the national response…
 
 
Sabin Vaccine Institute  [to 2 May 2020]
http://www.sabin.org/updates/pressreleases
Statements and Press Releases
No new digest content identified.
 
 
UNAIDS [to 2 May 2020]
http://www.unaids.org/en
Selected Press Releases/Reports/Statements
1 May 2020
Paying tribute to care workers during an online Labour Day event

1 May 2020
“The concern did not just come from the community, but also the health workers”

29 April 2020
“We must ensure that HIV treatment adherence is not compromised”—keeping people in Pakistan on HIV treatment

28 April 2020
“I’ve saved lives on the frontline of the COVID-19 pandemic in China”

28 April 2020
Women are more likely to be on HIV treatment
 
 
UNICEF  [to 2 May 2020]
https://www.unicef.org/media/press-releases
Press release
Geneva Palais briefing note on the impact of COVID-19 mitigation measures on vaccine supply and logistics
01/05/2020
[See COVID-19 above for detail]

Statement
COVID-19 & Immigration Detention: What Can Governments and Other Stakeholders Do?
Statement by the United Nations Network on Migration
29/04/2020

Press release
Over 5 million children face threat of cholera and acute water diarrhea in the midst of COVID-19 as Yemen gets heavy rains
29/04/2020

Press release
Disruption of childhood vaccination in South Asia poses an urgent threat to children’s health – UNICEF
4.5 million of South Asia’s children miss out on routine immunization, even before COVID-19
28/04/2020
[See COVID-19 above for detail]

Press release
COVID-19: Gavi and UNICEF to secure equipment and diagnostics for lower-income countries
28/04/2020
 
 
Unitaid  [to 2 May 2020]
https://unitaid.org/
Featured News
27 April 2020
Unitaid congratulates Ellen ‘t Hoen on national honour recognising her efforts on access and equity
Geneva — Unitaid congratulates Ellen ‘t Hoen on the announcement that H.M. King Alexander of the Netherlands has conferred on her the title of ‘Officier in de Orde van Oranje-Nassau’, in recognition of her important contribution on global health and access to medicines at the international level.
Amongst her many achievements, Ellen ‘t Hoen was instrumental in setting up the Medicines Patent Pool ten years ago in 2010, which Unitaid has funded since its creation. She also was its first Executive Director…
 
 
Vaccination Acceptance Research Network (VARN)  [to 2 May 2020]
https://vaccineacceptance.org/news.html#header1-2r
Announcements
No new digest content identified.
 
 
Vaccine Confidence Project  [to 2 May 2020]
http://www.vaccineconfidence.org/
Latest News & Archive
No new digest content identified.
 
 
Vaccine Education Center – Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia  [to 2 May 2020]
http://www.chop.edu/centers-programs/vaccine-education-center
No new digest content identified.
 
 
Wellcome Trust  [to 2 May 2020]
https://wellcome.ac.uk/news
Opinion | 29 April 2020
COVID-19: how researchers around the world are racing to understand the virus and prevent future outbreaks
by Josie Golding

News | 27 April 2020
The future of vaccines: three innovations from around the world
World Immunisation Week is an opportunity to celebrate some of the most cutting-edge vaccination projects and technologies from around the world, which have the potential to improve health for millions of people.
 
 
The Wistar Institute   [to 2 May 2020]
https://www.wistar.org/news/press-releases
Press Releases
Press Release  May. 1, 2020
The Wistar Institute Appoints Bin Tian, Ph.D., 
as Professor in the Cancer Center and 
Co-director of the Center for Systems & Computational Biology
PHILADELPHIA — (May, 1, 2020) — The Wistar Institute, an international biomedical research leader in cancer, immunology and infectious diseases, announces the appointment of molecular systems biologist Bin Tian, Ph.D., as professor in the Cancer Center.

Press Release  Apr. 30, 2020
The Wistar Institute Appoints Virology Expert Italo Tempera, Ph.D., as Associate Professor in Its Cancer Center
PHILADELPHIA — (April 30, 2020) — The Wistar Institute, an international biomedical research leader in cancer, immunology and infectious diseases, announces the appointment of Italo Tempera, Ph.D., as associate professor in the Gene Expression & Regulation Program of The Wistar Institute Cancer Center.

Press Release   Apr. 29, 2020
The Wistar Institute and Batavia Biosciences Launch Collaboration to Manufacture and Distribute Wistar’s Rubella Vaccine Globally
The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation supports international collaboration to expand global access to life-saving vaccines
 
 
WFPHA: World Federation of Public Health Associations  [to 2 May 2020]
https://www.wfpha.org/
Latest News
Open Letter to The United Nations: Call for The Establishment of a Multi-sector “Global Health Equity Task Force” to Confront The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic
Monday, 27 April 2020
Global Health Inquity is a fact. The present crisis renders visible these inequities. The World Federation of Public Health Associations (WFPHA) has signed an open letter to the United Nations proposing that the UN Secretary General provide the necessary support to the World Health Organization (WHO), by creating a multi-sector “Global Health Equity Task Force” to confront the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in its full health, socio-demographic and economic dimensions.

As the unique international non-governmental body representing the interests of the global public health community through national and regional public health associations and associated organizations, WFPHA is concerned about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among already vulnerable and marginalized populations worldwide. Disadvantaged and marginalized populations are more at risk to become infected. When infected, marginalized people are more likely to evolve to severe cases as they suffer disproportionately higher rates of chronic diseases, obesity and malnutrition.

The “Global Health Equity Task Force”, housed within WHO, would be charged with taking the necessary steps to exert needed global leadership for a comprehensive, equity-focused response to the pandemic, guided by the ethical principles of justice, beneficence and nonmaleficence and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It would encourage international cooperation towards fair allocation of resources to all countries according to need.

Full Letter with List of Institutions is Available Here.

List of Individual Signing the Letter is Available Here.
 
 
World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)   [to 2 May 2020]
https://www.oie.int/en/for-the-media/press-releases/2020/
Press Releases
No new digest content identified.

::::::

 
 
ARM [Alliance for Regenerative Medicine]  [to 2 May 2020]
https://alliancerm.org/press-releases/
Press Releases
No new digest content identified.
 
 
BIO    [to 2 May 2020]
https://www.bio.org/press-releases
Press Releases
No new digest content identified.
 
 
DCVMN – Developing Country Vaccine Manufacturers Network  [to 2 May 2020]
http://www.dcvmn.org/
News
DCVMN joined Global leaders call for a new collaboration to accelerate equitable access to Covid-19 Health technologies

Geneva, 24th April 2020 – The COVID-19 pandemic requires a strong united front to turn the tide of this global public health burden. Recognizing the April 20th United Nations General Assembly resolution [1], calling for rapid development, scale-up, manufacturing and supply of vaccines to confront the pandemic, the Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers Network (DCVMN) stands ready to fully collaborate with the Access to COVID Tools (ACT) Accelerator initiative, launched on 24th April 2020…
 
 
IFPMA   [to 2 May 2020]
http://www.ifpma.org/resources/news-releases/
Selected Press Releases, Statements, Publications
Global Pharma update on unprecedented efforts to collaborate in speeding up the search for safe
30 April 2020
 
 
PhRMA    [to 2 May 2020]
http://www.phrma.org/
Selected Press Releases, Statements
The continued imperative to protect U.S. innovation worldwide
Chris Moore   |     April 29, 2020
The COVID-19 pandemic is further demonstrating that the world needs biopharmaceutical innovation to address pressing global health challenges – both now and in the future. PhRMA members are collaborating with others and working around the clock to research and develop vaccines and treatments to beat the virus.
The 2020 Special 301 Report released today by the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) highlights just how essential open markets and effective intellectual property protections and enforcement are to meeting today’s challenges and to delivering tomorrow’s new treatments and cures. The report confirms the U.S. government’s strong commitment to defend and promote fair market access for American inventions, including biopharmaceuticals, in countries around the world.

Thanks to its domestic intellectual property and market-based policy environment, the United States leads the world in the research and development of new medicines. With the right policies in place, the new treatments and cures pioneered here can continue to benefit patients everywhere. There are notable examples from the 2020 Special 301 Report of how USTR is defending American innovators:

:: Ensuring transparency and fairness of pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement policies in Canada, Japan and South Korea so trading partners appropriately recognize the value of innovative medicines and contribute their fair share to research and development of new treatments and cures.

:: Combating the negative impact of compulsory licensing actions in Asia, the Middle East, Latin America and other regions.

:: Condemning weak intellectual property protection and other policies in Argentina, India, Malaysia, and enhancing engagement with Saudi Arabia by conducting an out-of-cycle review to resolve longstanding concerns…

Guest Post: Preserving clinical research sites during the coronavirus pandemic

April 29, 2020

Jim Kremidas, executive director of the Association of Clinical Research Professionals

Journal Watch
Vaccines and Global Health: The Week in Review continues its weekly scanning of key peer-reviewed journals to identify and cite articles, commentary and editorials, books reviews and other content supporting our focu-s on vaccine ethics and policy. Journal Watch is not intended to be exhaustive, but indicative of themes and issues the Center is actively tracking. We selectively provide full text of some editorial and comment articles that are specifically relevant to our work. Successful access to some of the links provided may require subscription or other access arrangement unique to the publisher.
If you would like to suggest other journal titles to include in this service, please contact David Curry at: david.r.curry@centerforvaccineethicsandpolicy.org

American Journal of Preventive Medicine
May 2020 Volume 58, Issue 5, p613-756
http://www.ajpmonline.org/current

Current Issues
Reducing Health Disparities Through Prevention: Role of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
Matthew J. O’Brien, Kate A. Kirley, Ronald T. Ackermann
p724–727
Published online: February 23, 2020

American Journal of Public Health
May 2020 110(5)
http://ajph.aphapublications.org/toc/ajph/current

VACCINES
Vaccine Communication as Weaponized Identity Politics
Media, Immunization/Vaccines, Social Science
David A. Broniatowski, Sandra C. Quinn, Mark Dredze and Amelia M. Jamison
110(5), pp. 617–618

American Journal of Public Health
May 2020 110(5)
http://ajph.aphapublications.org/toc/ajph/current

Russian Twitter Accounts and the Partisan Polarization of Vaccine Discourse, 2015–2017
Global Health, Media, Immunization/Vaccines, Social Science
Dror Walter, Yotam Ophir and Kathleen Hall Jamieson
110(5), pp. 718–724

American Journal of Public Health
May 2020 110(5)
http://ajph.aphapublications.org/toc/ajph/current

CORONAVIRUS
Straining the System: Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Preparedness for Concomitant Disasters
Global Health, Government, Infections, Public Health Practice, Other Infections
Nathaniel Smith and Michael Fraser
110(5), pp. 648–649

American Journal of Public Health
May 2020 110(5)
http://ajph.aphapublications.org/toc/ajph/current

FLU SHOT
Influenza Vaccination Coverage of Health Care Personnel in Los Angeles County Hospitals, 2016–2017
Health Care Facilities/Services, Immunization/Vaccines, Infections, Prevention, Public Health Practice, Public Health Workers
Talar Kamali, Chelsea Foo, Kelsey OYong and Dawn Terashita
110(5), pp. 693–695

BMC Health Services Research
http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmchealthservres/content
(Accessed 2 May 2020)

Assessment of a novel scanner-supported system for processing of child health and immunization data in Uganda
Electronic data capturing has the potential to improve data quality and user-friendliness compared to manually processed, paper-based documentation systems. The MyChild system uses an innovative approach to pr…
Authors: Annika Äijö, Ina Schäffner, Peter Waiswa, Rornald Muhumuza Kananura, Mesfin Kassaye Tessma and Claudia Hanson
Citation: BMC Health Services Research 2020 20:367
Content type: Research article
Published on: 29 April 2020

BMC Medical Ethics
http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcmedethics/content
(Accessed 2 May 2020)

COVID-19: where is the national ethical guidance?
Authors: Richard Huxtable
Content type: Editorial
1 May 2020
Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic poses numerous – and substantial – ethical challenges to health and healthcare. Debate continues about whether there is adequate protective equipment, testing and monitoring, and about when a vaccine might become available and social restrictions might be lifted. The thorny dilemmas posed by triage and resource allocation also attract considerable attention, particularly access to intensive care resources, should demand outstrip supply.
But the “COVID fog” clouds more than the intensive care unit [¹]. The provision and uptake of non-COVID related treatment is declining, due to the de-prioritisation of some services and interventions, alongside non-COVID patients’ fears of contracting the virus; difficult conversations are being held in suboptimal circumstances; and final farewells and death rituals have been disrupted. Healthcare personnel, meanwhile, are facing moral distress and, for some, difficulties arising from undertaking new roles in unfamiliar settings.
Whilst patients and the public require support, health and social care professionals also need guidance to help navigate the ethical challenges. A pandemic (by definition) respects no geographical boundaries, so co-ordinated international efforts will be important [²]. But guidance will also be needed to inform decision-making in health and social care within and throughout countries…

BMC Public Health
http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles
(Accessed 2 May 2020)

Barriers and facilitators to dissemination and adoption of precision medicine among Hispanics/Latinos
With the rapid advances in gene technologies in recent years, the potential benefits of precision medicine (PM) may spread unevenly to disadvantaged populations, such as Hispanics/Latinos.
The objective of this study was to explore patient-level barriers and facilitators to dissemination and adoption of PM among Hispanics/Latinos, including knowledge and awareness.
Authors: Juan R. Canedo, Consuelo H. Wilkins, Nicole Senft, Araceli Romero, Kemberlee Bonnet and David Schlundt
Citation: BMC Public Health 2020 20:603
Content type: Research article
Published on: 1 May 2020

BMC Public Health
http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles
(Accessed 2 May 2020)

The social value of investing in public health across the life course: a systematic scoping review
Making the case for investing in public health by illustrating the social, economic and environmental value of public health interventions is imperative. Economic methodologies to help capture the social value…
Authors: Kathryn Ashton, Peter Schröder-Bäck, Timo Clemens, Mariana Dyakova, Anna Stielke and Mark A. Bellis
Citation: BMC Public Health 2020 20:597
Content type: Research article
Published on: 1 May 2020

Bulletin of the World Health Organization
Volume 98, Number 5, May 2020
https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/98/5/en/

EDITORIALS
Simulation of the effects of COVID-19 testing rates on hospitalizations
— Bernardo Sousa-Pinto, João Almeida Fonseca, Bruno Oliveira, Ricardo Cruz-Correia, Pedro Pereira Rodrigues, Altamiro Costa-Pereira & Francisco Nuno Rocha-Gonçalves
http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.20.258186

Bulletin of the World Health Organization
Volume 98, Number 5, May 2020
https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/98/5/en/

RESEARCH
Evidence of behaviour change during an Ebola virus disease outbreak, Sierra Leone
— F Jalloh, Paul Sengeh, Rebecca E Bunnell, Mohammad B Jalloh, Roeland Monasch, Wenshu Li, Jonathan Mermin, Nickolas DeLuca, Vance Brown, Sophia A Nur, Euna M August, Ray L Ransom, Apophia Namageyo-Funa, Sara A Clements, Meredith Dyson, Kathy Hageman, Samuel Abu Pratt, Azizeh Nuriddin, Dianna D Carroll, Nicole Hawk, Craig Manning, Sara Hersey, Barbara J Marston, Peter H Kilmarx, Lansana Conteh, Anna Mia Ekström, Zangin Zeebari, John T Redd, Helena Nordenstedt & Oliver Morgan
http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.19.245803

The European Journal of Public Health
Volume 30, Issue 2, April 2020
https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/issue/30/2

Editorials
How can evidence and strategies influence policies?
Pekka Puska
European Journal of Public Health, Volume 30, Issue 2, April 2020, Page 205, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz226

The European Journal of Public Health
Volume 30, Issue 2, April 2020
https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/issue/30/2

Vaccination
The Dutch influenza vaccination policy and medication use, outpatient visits, hospitalization and mortality at age 65
Tom Van Ourti, Nicolas Bouckaert
European Journal of Public Health, Volume 30, Issue 2, April 2020, Pages 275–280, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa016

The European Journal of Public Health
Volume 30, Issue 2, April 2020
https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/issue/30/2

Rotavirus vaccination impact, Ireland, implications for vaccine confidence and screening
Heather E Burns, Abigail M Collins, Una B Fallon, Paul V Marsden, Caitlin M Ni Shuilleabhain
European Journal of Public Health, Volume 30, Issue 2, April 2020, Pages 281–285, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz238

The European Journal of Public Health
Volume 30, Issue 2, April 2020
https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/issue/30/2

Knowledge and beliefs on vaccines among a sample of Italian pregnant women: results from the NAVIDAD study
Fabrizio Bert, Elena Olivero, Paola Rossello, Maria R Gualano, Silvana Castaldi …
European Journal of Public Health, Volume 30, Issue 2, April 2020, Pages 286–292, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz209

Gates Open Research
https://gatesopenresearch.org/browse/articles
[Accessed 2 May 2020]

Research Article metrics AWAITING PEER REVIEW
Tetanus vaccine coverage in recommended and more than recommended doses among mothers in a West Cameroon health district: a cross sectional study
[version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]
Igor Nguemouo Nguegang, Martin Nguestop, Linda Evans Eba Ze, Trevor Anyambod Mboh, Dominique Majoric Omokolo, Ruth Noutakdie Fossi, Etienne Guenou, Jerome Ateudjieu

Globalization and Health
http://www.globalizationandhealth.com/
[Accessed 2 May 2020]

Understanding China’s growing involvement in global health and managing processes of change
Authors: Lewis Husain and Gerald Bloom
Content type: Review
1 May 2020

Health and Human Rights
https://www.hhrjournal.org
[Accessed 2 May 2020]

Viewpoints
Upholding Rights Under COVID-19: The Respectful Maternity Care Charter
R. Rima Jolivet, Charlotte E Warren, Pooja Sripad, Elena Ateva, Jewel Gausman, Kate Mitchell, Hagar Palgi Hacker, Emma Sacks, and Ana Langer, 1 May 2020
[Excerpt]
…Human rights are indivisible and universal. Rights frameworks provide a firm legal and ethical foundation to guide policy and practice in a pandemic. Solutions that uphold fundamental human rights and best clinical practices, including infection control, contribute to stronger health and human rights outcomes overall. The Respectful Maternity Care (RMC) Charter, published in 2011 and updated in 2019, articulates 10 fundamental rights of childbearing women and newborns based on widely accepted human rights instruments, and provides a framework for high-quality care that supports and upholds the dignity of all parties…

Health and Human Rights
https://www.hhrjournal.org
[Accessed 2 May 2020]

Contact Tracing Apps: Extra Risks for Women and Marginalized Groups
Sara L.M. Davis, 29 April 2020
[Excerpt]
…Groups that have historically experienced discrimination, stigma, and abuse may be exposed to greater risk of persecution as data on coronavirus transmission circulates and is discussed in the public sphere. Much of the public debate over digital contact tracing apps, rapidly unfolding in Europe, has so far focused on individual privacy, and on whether it can be protected with technical solutions.[1] These are important questions, but it sidesteps the harder problems linked to widespread stigma and blame. In some countries, states now impose criminal sanctions on transmission of the coronavirus, though UNAIDS warns, based on experience in the HIV epidemic, that criminal sanctions will undermine, not help the response.[2] Even anonymized data raises the risk of persecution once it circulates in a climate of fear and stigma…

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health
Vol 7, No 5 (2020) May 2020
https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/issue/view/62

Original Research Articles
Awareness, perceived risk and protective behaviours of Myanmar adults on COVID-19
Kyaw S. Mya, Aye S. M., Win A. Hlaing, Su S. Hlaing, Thida Aung, Swe M. M. Lwin, Ei S. U., Thandar Tun, Kyawt S. Lwin, Hla H. Win
DOI: 10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20201530

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health
Vol 7, No 5 (2020) May 2020
https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/issue/view/62

Coverage evaluation of the universal immunization program in Imphal-East district of Manipur: a cross-sectional study
Dayananda Ingudam, Heisnam Kulabidhu Singh, Longjam Usharani Devi
DOI: 10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20201984

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health
Vol 7, No 5 (2020) May 2020
https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/issue/view/62

Knowledge, attitude and practice of fathers about childhood immunization: a tertiary care hospital based cross sectional study
Swetha E. Jose, Navya C. Joseph, Soorya Sheela, Vidhu M. Joshy
DOI: 10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20202008

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health
Vol 7, No 5 (2020) May 2020
https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/issue/view/62

Editorial
Introduction of newer vaccines in national immunization programme in India: a challenge
Ramesh Verma, Vinod Chayal, Meenakshi Kalhan, Rohit Dhaka, Suraj Chawla, Kapil Bhalla
DOI: 10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20202021

International Journal of Infectious Diseases
March 2020 Volume 92, Supplement, p1-12, S1-S102
https://www.ijidonline.com/issue/S1201-9712(20)X0004-X

Commemorating World Tuberculosis Day March 24th, 2020 : “IT’S TIME TO FIND, TREAT ALL and END TUBERCULOSIS!”
Precision and personalized medicine and anti-TB treatment: Is TDM feasible for programmatic use?
Jan-Willem C. Alffenaar, Onno W. Akkerman, Hannah Yejin Kim, Simon Tiberi, Giovanni Battista Migliori
S5–S9
Published online: January 26, 2020

JAMA
April 28, 2020, Vol 323, No. 16, Pages 1529-1626
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/issue.aspx

Original Investigation
Baseline Characteristics and Outcomes of 1591 Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 Admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy
Giacomo Grasselli, MD; Alberto Zangrillo, MD; Alberto Zanella, MD; et al.
free access has active quiz
JAMA. 2020;323(16):1574-1581. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.5394
This case series describes the demographics, comorbidities, ventilation requirements, dispositions, and mortality of patients with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted to northern Italy ICUs in February-March 2020..

JAMA
April 28, 2020, Vol 323, No. 16, Pages 1529-1626
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/issue.aspx

Preliminary Communication
Treatment of 5 Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 With Convalescent Plasma
Chenguang Shen, PhD; Zhaoqin Wang, PhD; Fang Zhao, PhD; et al.
free access has active quiz
JAMA. 2020;323(16):1582-1589. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4783
This case series describes clinical outcomes in 5 Chinese patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, ARDS, and high viral loads despite antiviral treatment who were given human plasma with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies obtained from previously infected and recovered patients.

JAMA
April 28, 2020, Vol 323, No. 16, Pages 1529-1626
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/issue.aspx

Research Letter
Air, Surface Environmental, and Personal Protective Equipment Contamination by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) From a Symptomatic Patient
Sean Wei Xiang Ong, MBBS; Yian Kim Tan, PhD; Po Ying Chia, MBBS; et al.
free access has active quiz has audio
JAMA. 2020;323(16):1610-1612. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.3227
This study documents results of SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of environmental surfaces and personal protective equipment surrounding 3 COVID-19 patients in isolation rooms in a Singapore hospital.

JAMA
April 28, 2020, Vol 323, No. 16, Pages 1529-1626
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/issue.aspx

Characteristics and Outcomes of 21 Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 in Washington State
Matt Arentz, MD; Eric Yim, MD; Lindy Klaff, MD; et al.
free access has audio
JAMA. 2020;323(16):1612-1614. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4326
This case series describes the clinical presentation, characteristics, and outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) admitted to the intensive care unit at a public hospital in Washington State in February 2020, including initial reports of cardiomyopathy in one-third of the patients.

JAMA
April 28, 2020, Vol 323, No. 16, Pages 1529-1626
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/issue.aspx

Viewpoint
Critical Care Utilization for the COVID-19 Outbreak in Lombardy, ItalyEarly Experience and Forecast During an Emergency Response
Giacomo Grasselli, MD; Antonio Pesenti, MD; Maurizio Cecconi, MD
free access has active quiz has multimedia has audio
JAMA. 2020;323(16):1545-1546. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4031
This Viewpoint describes the organization of a regional ICU network in Lombardy, Italy, to handle the surge in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) who require intensive care and uses demand experience in the first 2 weeks of the outbreak to estimate resources required in coming weeks.

JAMA
April 28, 2020, Vol 323, No. 16, Pages 1529-1626
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/issue.aspx

Presidential Powers and Response to COVID-19
Lawrence O. Gostin, JD; James G. Hodge Jr, JD, LLM; Lindsay F. Wiley, JD, MPH
free access
JAMA. 2020;323(16):1547-1548. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4335
This Viewpoint reviews legal powers the US president and state governors have to implement travel and other restrictions to control the spread of coronavirus, and discusses the need to balance rights to privacy and liberty with public health in ways that do not disadvantage already vulnerable populations.

JAMA
April 28, 2020, Vol 323, No. 16, Pages 1529-1626
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/issue.aspx

Managing COVID-19 in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Joost Hopman, MD, PhD, DTMH; Benedetta Allegranzi, MD, DTMH; Shaheen Mehtar, MBBS, MD (Lon)
free access has active quiz
JAMA. 2020;323(16):1549-1550. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4169
This Viewpoint discusses challenges to managing a COVID-19 outbreak in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), reviewing how absence of testing, critical care capacity, climate, war, distrust, and large refugee populations could complicate implementation of proven infection prevention and control measures.

JAMA
April 28, 2020, Vol 323, No. 16, Pages 1529-1626
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/issue.aspx

A Piece of My Mind
Personal Risk and Societal Obligation Amidst COVID-19
Cynthia Tsai, MD
free access has active quiz
JAMA. 2020;323(16):1555-1556. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.5450
In this narrative medicine essay, a resident physician with asthma describes her internal deliberations about public vs private good after a decision to retreat from direct-patient care to telemedicine to protect her health during the coronavirus pandemic.

JAMA
April 28, 2020, Vol 323, No. 16, Pages 1529-1626
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/issue.aspx

Editorial
Critical Illness in Patients With COVID-19Mounting an Effective Clinical and Research Response
Deborah J. Cook, MD, MSc; John C. Marshall, MD; Robert A. Fowler, MDCM, MS
free access has active quiz
JAMA. 2020;323(16):1559-1560. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.5775

JAMA
April 28, 2020, Vol 323, No. 16, Pages 1529-1626
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/issue.aspx

Convalescent Plasma to Treat COVID-19Possibilities and Challenges
John D. Roback, MD, PhD; Jeannette Guarner, MD
free access has active quiz
JAMA. 2020;323(16):1561-1562. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4940

Journal of Community Health
Volume 45, Issue 3, June 2020
https://link.springer.com/journal/10900/45/3

Commentary
Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Haiti: A Call for Action
James Louis-Jean, Kenney Cenat, Debbie Sanon, Ruthonce Stvil

Journal of Community Health
Volume 45, Issue 3, June 2020
https://link.springer.com/journal/10900/45/3

Original Paper
Success of an EMR-Driven Postpartum Intervention to Improve HPV Vaccination Rates
Susan K. Park, Christine H. Holschneider, Judy Chen…

Journal of Community Health
Volume 45, Issue 3, June 2020
https://link.springer.com/journal/10900/45/3

Original Paper
Missed Opportunities for Hepatitis A Vaccination Among MSM Initiating PrEP
Alwyn Cohall, Jason Zucker, Rachel Krieger, Charlotte Scott…

Journal of Community Health
Volume 45, Issue 3, June 2020
https://link.springer.com/journal/10900/45/3

Original Paper
Cervical Cancer and Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Awareness Among Married Bhutanese Refugee and Nepali Women in Eastern Nepal
Madhav P. Bhatta, Derek C. Johnson, Mingma Lama…

Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice
https://joppp.biomedcentral.com/
[Accessed 2 May 2020]

Articles
A simplified checklist for the visual inspection of finished pharmaceutical products: a way to empower frontline health workers in the fight against poor-quality medicines
Authors: B. Schiavetti, E. Wynendaele, V. Melotte, J. Van der Elst, B. De Spiegeleer and R. Ravinetto
Content type: Short report
1 May 2020

The Lancet
May 02, 2020 Volume 395 Number 10234 p1401-1460, e75-e82
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/issue/current

Editorial
COVID-19: remaking the social contract
The Lancet
“Allegiance, after all, has to work two ways; and one can grow weary of an allegiance which is not reciprocal.” The British playwright David Hare quoted this line by the American writer James Baldwin in his recent reflections on the UK Government’s response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Baldwin’s reminder and warning in the context of civil rights in the mid-20th century USA speak now in the pandemic to communities the world over who are unsure of their governments’ allegiances to them. The give-and-take relationship between the state and the individual—perhaps best viewed through the lens of what Enlightenment philosophers termed the social contract—is being strained, its inadequacy exposed, and must surely be remade in the midst of this global health and economic crisis.

Governments now ask heavy sacrifices from their people, with around a third of the global population under some form of lockdown. But demonstration that governments are in fact acting to protect the public, for example, through adequately preparing the health system and giving clear advice aimed at saving lives, has been highly variable. Although international comparisons are not straightforward, there are nonetheless encouraging examples of where strong and swift action has succeeded in staving off the worst effects of the virus, be they Germany’s quick escalation of testing, New Zealand’s elimination strategy, or South Korea’s aggressive pursuit of a test-and-trace approach. By contrast, the UK, USA, and Brazil, among others, have been slow to react and haphazard when they did. The serious deficiencies in pandemic planning and response have sparked protests and condemnation and call into question commitment to the most vital interests of the public.

Such failures have too often been accompanied by poor transparency and an ingrained resistance to all forms of accountability. In March, when US President Donald Trump was asked by a reporter if he takes responsibility for the delay in making test kits available, he replied “No, I don’t take responsibility at all.” And in April, at a daily COVID-19 briefing when UK Home Secretary Priti Patel was asked twice if she would apologise about the shortage of personal protective equipment for front-line health-care workers, she responded, “I’m sorry if people feel that there have been failings”, in what seemed to be indifference to the sacrifices being made by health-care workers on behalf of the country and its people.

Beyond immediate responses, this pandemic is revealing how a longer-term increase in inequalities and neglect of public services have weakened the ability of societies to deal with external shocks and created new vulnerabilities in a crisis. Racial and ethnic minorities, those with weak employment protections, including migrant workers, and populations without adequate access to affordable health care are among the hardest hit.

However, at the same time, COVID-19 is also overturning core values, norms, and rules that sit at the heart of long-standing market-oriented political agendas. The willingness with which nations have put the brakes on their economies to protect lives, coupled with massive increases in public spending and government debt, particularly by conservative administrations, was inconceivable a few months ago. According to one analysis, as of April 23, a staggering 151 countries have planned, introduced, or adapted a total of 684 social protection measures in response to the pandemic.

Despite important deficiencies in some responses, in many ways the world is witnessing the setting aside of ideology to address the urgent and fundamental need common to all people—the protection of health. So far, the measures taken have been uneven, short-term, and reactive. But it is hard to imagine that when this pandemic is over, the public will be content to go back to the way things were. That it has taken a crisis of this scale to force the recognition that the basic role of a government is to serve and protect its people—that wellbeing has a higher value than gross domestic product—is a shocking demonstration of how the reciprocal rights and responsibilities that form the basis of so many democratic systems have been hollowed out. The kind of societies that are set to emerge from this pandemic is far from clear, but our interconnectedness and interdependence at local, national, and global levels have never been more undeniable. Nor can the importance of well resourced and well prepared health systems continue to be ignored. A renewed and expanded social contract, one with health at the centre, could well be one legacy of COVID-19.

The Lancet
May 02, 2020 Volume 395 Number 10234 p1401-1460, e75-e82
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/issue/current

Comment
Evaluation of a tetravalent dengue vaccine by serostatus and serotype
Annelies Wilder-Smith

The Lancet
May 02, 2020 Volume 395 Number 10234 p1401-1460, e75-e82
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/issue/current

Comment
Ensuring global access to COVID-19 vaccines
Gavin Yamey, Marco Schäferhoff, Richard Hatchett, Muhammad Pate, Feng Zhao, Kaci Kennedy McDade
The current response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic involves aggressive implementation of suppression strategies, such as case identification, quarantine and isolation, contact tracing, and social distancing. However, models developed by the Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team suggest that “transmission will quickly rebound if interventions are relaxed”.¹ WHO warns of multiple simultaneous outbreaks of COVID-19 worldwide.² The development of COVID-19 vaccines that can be used globally is therefore a priority for ending the pandemic.

This vaccine effort should be guided by three imperatives: speed, manufacture and deployment at scale, and global access. In February, 2020, the World Bank and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), which funds development of epidemic vaccines, co-hosted a global consultation on these goals.³ This consultation led to the launch of a COVID-19 Vaccine Development Taskforce that is now working on how to finance and manufacture vaccines for global access.

CEPI estimates that developing up to three vaccines in the next 12–18 months will require an investment of at least US$2 billion.⁴ This estimate includes phase 1 clinical trials of eight vaccine candidates, progression of up to six candidates through phase 2 and 3 trials, completion of regulatory and quality requirements for at least three vaccines, and enhancing global manufacturing capacity for three vaccines. This estimate does not include the costs of manufacture or delivery. Progress has been rapid. A phase 1 trial of a vaccine candidate, supported by the US National Institutes of Health and CEPI, began on March 16, 2020,⁵
and 2 days later a clinical trial began in China.⁶ Clinical trials for other candidates will start soon.

Use of existing financing systems to support this work offers the benefits of speed and lower transaction costs than for new financing approaches. CEPI is supported by a World Bank financial intermediary fund that brings together public, philanthropic, and private funding to respond to global priorities.⁷ Through this fund, CEPI can act as a global mechanism for funding vaccine development until vaccines can be licensed or used under emergency use provisions. Mobilising $2 billion in funding will require funding from all sources. Given the enormous health, social, and economic consequences of COVID-19, there is a strong case for all governments to invest in vaccines.

In addition to direct government contributions, innovative finance mechanisms have been successful in raising funds for vaccines in the past and should be used to fund the development of COVID-19 vaccines.⁸, ⁹ The International Finance Facility for Immunisation (IFFIm) raises funds with vaccine bonds, which turn long-term contributions by donors into available cash.⁸
IFFIm was created to support Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, but could be used to finance CEPI’s COVID-19 vaccine efforts. With advanced market commitments, donors make funding commitments to vaccine manufacturers and, in exchange, companies sign a legally binding commitment to provide the vaccines at a price affordable to low-income and middle-income countries. Gavi’s board expressed support for the use of Gavi’s IFFIm and advanced market commitments to improve COVID-19 vaccine development and access.¹⁰

The need for COVID-19 vaccines is global, although the need is differentially distributed within populations. Vaccines would likely be prioritised for health-care workers and people at greatest risk of severe illness and death. High-income countries must not monopolise the global supply of COVID-19 vaccines. This risk is real: during the 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic, rich countries negotiated large advance orders for the vaccine, crowding out poor countries.¹¹
Such an outcome would result in a suboptimal allocation of an initially scarce resource.

The Lancet
May 02, 2020 Volume 395 Number 10234 p1401-1460, e75-e82
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/issue/current

Articles
Efficacy of a tetravalent dengue vaccine in healthy children aged 4–16 years: a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial
Shibadas Biswal, et al for the TIDES study group
A substantial unmet need remains for safe and effective vaccines against dengue virus disease, particularly for individuals who are dengue-naive and those younger than 9 years. We aimed to assess the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of a live attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine (TAK-003) in healthy children aged 4–16 years.

The Lancet
May 02, 2020 Volume 395 Number 10234 p1401-1460, e75-e82
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/issue/current

Safety and immunogenicity of a tetravalent dengue vaccine in children aged 2–17 years: a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial
Vianney Tricou,et al
An unmet clinical need remains for an effective tetravalent dengue vaccine suitable for all age groups, regardless of serostatus. We assessed the immunogenicity and safety of three different dose schedules of a tetravalent dengue vaccine (TAK-003) over a 48-month period in children living in dengue-endemic countries.

The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health
May 2020 Volume 4 Number 5 p341-406, e10-e11
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanchi/issue/current

Comment
Prioritisation of the human papillomavirus vaccine in a time of constrained supply
Aimée R Kreimer, Tania Cernuschi, Helen Rees, Debbie Saslow, Carolina Porras, John Schiller

Lancet Global Health
May 2020 Volume 8 Number 5 e612-e736
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/issue/current

Editorial
Decolonising COVID-19
The Lancet Global Health

Lancet Infectious Diseases
May 2020 Volume 20 Number 5 p511-628, e79-e115
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/issue/current

Editorial
COVID-19: endgames
The Lancet Infectious Diseases